Overview of the Research and Teaching in High Energy Physics in 2003 in Belgium

1
Overview of the Research and Teaching in High
Energy Physics in 2003 in Belgium RECFA Open
Meeting UCL, Louvain-la-Neuve, 9 May 2003
Gaston Wilquet IIHE, Université Libre de
Bruxelles for the Belgian HEP community
2

• Contents
• (HEP)Teaching 1996 2003 trends
• The Belgium state the organisation of teaching
  and public research
• The funding sources of HEP research
• The groups
• The experiments
• The Budget equipment and running
• GRID a brief 6-month story
• Conclusions

• For the Low Energy experimental physics programme
  at large accelerators, see talks by
• P.Van Duppen on ISOLDE
• D.Ryckbosh on HERMES

3
(HE)Physics Teaching 1996 2003
trends Students ? Students in Science
? Students in Physics ? Students in HE
physics
4
Number
Fraction
Students and students in science
All levels
Graduate students in science
5
Students in physics Main French-speaking universit
ies
4-year graduate studies
graduated
1st inscription in 1st year
6
Students in physics Main Flemish
universities Except U.Antwerpen
4-year graduate studies
graduated
1st year
7
Students in HE physics
Graduate theses - theory
Graduate theses experiment
missing
PhD theses - theory
CHORUS 4 CMS 9 DELPHI 6 H1 7 Spin-off 2
PhD theses
1997-2003
8
The Belgium state a very short approximation
what is relevant to understand the
organisation of teaching and public
research in Belgium
9
Belgium Federal state with (unique?) double
structure 3 regions Flanders, Wallony,
Brussels-Capital matters bound to soil ,
irrelevant for this talk 3 communities
Flemish, French, German speaking
5.7 4.5 0.07
million people matters bound to people and
culture ?
Flanders
Wallony
University teaching and public research is
run totally independently by the 2 main
communities in the regions in which they have
authority Flemish Flanders, Brussels-Capital
VLaams French-speaking Wallony,
Brussels-Capital FRançais
Brussels-Capital
?with some noticeable exceptions for public
research
10

• Drawbacks for research in HEP in a small country?
• Potentially highly damageable dispersion of
  resources, divergence of policies
• No obligation of dialogue between funding
  agencies
• No obligation of collaboration between
  institutions ? university groups

• Experimental groups collaborate together inside
  large collaboration
• LEP DELPHI 2 VL 2 FR
• nSBL CHORUS 1 VL 2 FR
• HERA H1 2 VL 1 FR
• astropart. AMANDA/ICE3 2 VL 1 FR
• LHC CMS 2 VL 3 FR
• nLBL HARP 1 FR
• OPERA 1 FR
• Experimental groups merge over language border
  where possible
• Two Free University of Brussels groups form
• Inter-University Institute for High Energies in
  close connection with U.Antwerpen
• Intensive collaboration between the theory
  groups on quantum gravity
• over language border.
• Strong collaboration between experimenters and
  phenomenologists
• over language border in Brussels.

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Organisation and funding sources of HEP
research in Belgium No real change since last
RECFA-Belgium in 1996
12
Funding by Communities through heritage of the
unitary state National Scientific Research Fund
Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique
Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek -Vlaanderen
2001 577 doctoral fellows
398 postdocs 21 tenures were 200
in 1999 !!!, now University staff
budget 28.2 MEUR In all disciplines 2001
463 scientific and 203 technical
collaborators 32 MEUR equipment
9 MEUR running 11.6 MEUR
2003 329 doctoral fellows (13
physicists) 176 postdocs (1-2years) (7
physicists) 324 tenures 11
since 1989 - 30 physicists 9 budget
13.5 MEUR In all disciplines other than
medical and nuclear research 2001 10.4
MEUR

• Councils 60 from academia, 40 from high State
  and Community administration
• Mandates to
  individual researchers
• 
  Funding of groups

13

• FNRS
• 2001 budget 4.5 MEUR
• 54.2 M
• 1996 ? 2001 increase of 23.5

FWO 2001 budget 1.2 MEUR 103.9 M
1996 ?2001 increase of 17

• Other duties credits to individuals,
  conferences, missions abroad, invitations,
• 2001
  Overall budget
• 
  Scientific Commission
• Recommendations of budgets for projects and
  groups within essentially fixed
• 
  envelopes
• 
  Final approval by Council

14

• FNRS
• Inter-University Institute for Nuclear Sciences
• Fund associated to FNRS with proper resources
• technical and some scientific collaborators
• running budget of groups and experiments
• equipment budget of groups, experiments
• Groups proper funding on yearly basis
• Funds to large projects project dependent
• Commission meeting in February
• Council approval in December
• FNRS tenure mandates in LEP and HEP paid on
  IISN budget

• FWO
• 4-year programmes

Funding of High Energy Physics programmes

• High and Low Energy
  Physics Scientific Commission
• Includes members of the other
  Community and foreign members

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Other resources funded by Communities

• Fund for Research in Industry and Agriculture
  (FRIA)
• Run by the FNRS with proper funds
• 445 doctoral fellowships in 2001
• (2721 months) through 21 juries
• Significant provider in HEP despite the name

• Institute for Innovation through Sciences and
  Technologies Flanders (IWT)
• Independent body with broad scope
• Funding of and help for research groups and
  enterprises for innovation projects does not
  apply to HEP
• Postdoc mandates spin-off, industry simulation,
  - does not apply to HEP
• 554 4-years doctoral fellowships in 2002 (7 in
  physics)
• Significant provider in HEP

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Funding by Universities

• With proper funds through proper scientific
  commissions
• 
  very
  limited budgets
• Appointments of fixed term and tenure academic
  staff
• of doctoral research
  assistants
• of very limited
  technical and administrative support
• of very limited number
  of long term visitors
• Channel to special funds
• Inter-University Attraction Poles
• Concerted Research Actions

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Federal State significant contributions to
research in HEP

• The Prime Minister Federal Office for Scientific,
  Technical and
• Cultural Affairs Inter-University Attraction
  Poles (IUAP)
• Fundamental Interactions at the Boundary of
  Theory, Phenomenology and Experiment
• About whole HEP community 5 experiment groups
  2 VL 3 FR
• 
  5 theory groups 2 VL 3 FR
• More than 10 postdoc ? 5 year (see talk on
  IUAP)
• The Federal Ministry of Economical Affairs
• Belgium contribution to CERN budget 2.69
  contribution to CNGS
• The Federal Inter-University Institute for
  Nuclear Sciences of the Federal Ministry of
  Economical Affairs
• 2.7 3.3 M for LEP and HEP in 1996-2003
• No significant sign of decrease

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The Groups
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U.Antwerpen E
R.U.Gent HERMES
V.U.Brussel TE
K.U.Leuven TISOLDE
U.L.Bruxelles TE
U.Liège T
U.C.Louvain TE
U.Mons-Hainaut TE
All large universities in Belgium have
experimental and/or theoretical HE physics
activities and/or LE experiments at large
accelerators
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Definite increase since 1995 in the numbers of
postdocs and PhD students
21
University provides 3/4 of tenures but 18 of
postocs PhD fellowships
22
I I H E
No overall change since 1995 except steady
decrease of technical staff

(end of bubble chambers)
23
University provides 50 of tenures but 15 of
postdocs PhD fellowships
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• The age inversed pyramid disturbing problem
• Very large fraction of scientific permanent
  staff are in their 50s or more in
• both French-speaking and Flemish communities and
  in
• both theory and experiment communities.
• Sort of sunray in the French-speaking community
  only
• tenure positions for 4 theoreticians and 5
  experimentalists in their 30s in the last 5
  years
• 7 at FNRS and 2 at university.
• Permanent position openings at universities are
  scarce and often not limited to a field.
• Fierce competition for permanent positions at
  FNRS through a classification by (physic)
  scientific commissions in which university
  rectors make their market within their quota.
• No way at FNRS to guarantee that a very good
  candidate will be selected for an approved and
  funded project.
• Since 1999, no permanent position at FWO except
  for a score of old timers

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The groups summary and concluding remarks

• All major universities have groups in theoretical
  and/or experimental HE physics and/or LE
  experiments at large accelerators.
• The Belgian HEP community in 2002-2003 150
  scientists
• Theoreticians and experimentalists similar in
  size and composition with 1/3 tenures
• 71 (24 tenures) vs. 76 (27 tenures)
• The numbers of postocs and doctoral positions in
  theory groups has increased by 50.
• The overall size and composition of the
  experiment groups has stagnated and the technical
  staff steadily decreased.
• The size of the U.C.Louvain group has increased
  15 in 1995 22 in 2003
• Change of policy at UCL and at FNRS/IISN in the
  HEP/LEP balance.
• The universities provide about 40 of the tenure
  positions.
• The research funding agencies provide more than
  80 of the postdoc and doctoral positions.

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The HEP experiments and R/D - Overview more
(on the physics) see talks by C. Declercq, Ph.
Herquet, V. Lemaître, P. Van Mechelen, P.Vilain
for a review of the researches in theory, see
talks of M.Tytgat and A.Sevrin for spin-off
activities, see talk by S.Tavernier
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L E P
H E R A
O S C I L
A S T R O
L H C
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(No Transcript)
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The Budget equipment and running Not including
their main component salaries
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Total budget running and equipment budget
Deliverable detectors MO, common funds,
Total 1996-2003
k
AMANDA/ICE3 471.3 k
HARP 171.7 k
OPERA 372.0 k
CHORUS 92.6 k
H1 417.6 k
DELPHI 165.1 k
CMS 658.8 k
Groups budget running, equipment, R/D,
prototypes, steadily decreasing
4534.8k
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Deliverable detectors (French-speaking groups)
Total 1996-2003
k
AMANDA/ICE3 431.5 k
Flemish contribution 50 on DELPHI, H1,
CMS, CHORUS 30 on ICE3 Not in HARP,
OPERA Similar trend
HARP 150.0 k
OPERA 372.0 k
CHORUS 0.0 k
H1 198.4 k
DELPHI 0.0 k
CMS 619.8 k
1996-1998 quiet years 1999 start of
OPERA 1999/2000 HARP 2000 - start of
AMANDA 2001/03 H1 upgrade 2001 start of CMS
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HEP Budget (k) FNRS-IISN v.s. FWO HEP
v.s. LEP
C M S
C M S

• Large budget increase since 1999
• HARP, OPERA, H1 upgrade, AMANDA and CMS in
  2000-2003
• Policy of reduction of LEP programme around the
  U.C.Louvain cyclotrons cluster

• Significant budget decrease since 1999
• even during CMS funding in 1999-2002
• No reduction of LEP programme
• Research around large accelerators HERMES, ISOLDE

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More on funding policies - Research and
development public investment
NGI
In 1999
Belgium 0.59
Flanders 0.62
Germany
UK
France
Italy
Nederland
US
Japan
EU 0.77

• Steady increase in Belgium contrary to most other
  countries
• Belgium remains well below the EU average
• Flanders increases faster than Belgium with no
  profit for HEP

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• Why is Flanders increase in R/D without profit
  for HEP ?
• In French-speaking community, nuclear sciences
  are funded by special purpose fund associated to
  FNRS Institut Interuniversitaire des Sciences
  Nucléaires.
• HEP budget steadily increasing fraction of
  steadily increasing budget
• In the Flemish community, HEP is set on same
  footing than most research domains.
• Linear rule
• About 80 M / year not controlled by FWO
• directly affected to
  high-tech research institutions
• IMEC electronics
• VIB biotechnology
• VITO other
  technologies

0.24 (0.06?) in 2003
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The near future large commitments (k) OPERA
detector 2004 123.9 2005 123.9 2006 ?
running cost H1 running cost 2004 24.8 2005
24.8 2006 24.8 ICE3 detector 2004
247.9 2005 247.9 2006 148.7 2007
74.4 2008 74.4 running cost CMS
completion 2004 509.6 CMS MO 2004
113.7 2005 166.3 2006 189.6 2007
330.3
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The grid a brief 6 months story
More by V. Lemaître
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• November 2002 Belgium absent from all GRID
  programmes
• Contacts with NorthGrid (DutchGridNorduGrid) via
  NIKHEF.
• January 2003 meeting between NIKHEF, all the
  groups involved in HE experimental physics,
  members of the computing sciences and information
  technologies in their universities.
• March 2003 Belgium member of NorthGrid
• Since April 2003 things are starting
• PC farms and data storage devices in various
  labs,
• Basic software installed,
• First connections,
• Genuine implication of computer scientists,
• Search for collaborators in other fields,
• Quest for money IISN, FWO, IWT, EU,

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Conclusions
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The overall situation of Belgian HEP is difficult
but
Thanks to a positive collaborative attitude
(against a steadily diverging national
background) the Belgian HEP groups manage

• to ensure their contribution to a selection of
  
• major experiments (presently at CERN and
  DESY)

and South Pole and LNGS

• to maintain theoretical research at an
  
• international level

J. Lemonne, RECFA Meeting, Brussels, 1996
G.Wilquet, RECFA Meeting, Louvain-la-Neuve, 2003