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The History and Physics of Sports

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Title: The History and Physics of Sports


1
The History and Physics of Sports
  • By Stephanie McElheny, Alexander Cantor, Joe
    Blazeck, Amanda Heuser, and Allen Gonczol

2
Greek Olympic Games
  • Earlier in the year, we learned about the Greeks
    and their discoveries in the astronomical field.
    These discoveries later provided the basis for
    much of the physics we know today. However,
    physics was not just present in the skies during
    Ancient times, but also in the Greeks famed
    Olympic Games.
  • The Ancient Olympic Games were an athletic and
    religious celebration held in the Greek town of
    Olympia as early as 776 BC. The Olympic Games
    where held every four years to honor the gods.
    There are two conflicting myths that tell of the
    start of the Olympic Games one of these tells
    of the hero Heracles, who won a race at Olympia
    and proclaimed that the race should be re-enacted
    every four years, while another claims that Zeus
    had begun the festival after his defeat of the
    Titan Cronus.
  • The Greek Olympic Games continued until AD 349
    when the Greek Empire fell to the Christian
    Romans. They were discontinued until the were
    revived in the late 19th Century.

3
Greek Olympic GamesAthletes and Events
  • Unlike the Modern Olympic Games, only men who
    spoke Greek were allowed to participate in the
    Ancient Games. They included athletes from the
    various Greek city-states, and eventually
    participants came from Greek colonies as well,
    extending the range of the games to far shores of
    the Mediterranean and of the Black Sea.
  • In order to be in the games one had to qualify
    and one's name written down on a list of
    athletes. Only young men were allowed to
    participate, and some were turned away for being
    too mature. Before being able to participate,
    the athletes had to take an oath in front of the
    statue of Zeus saying that they had been in
    training for 10 months.
  • Thought the first Olympic Games consisted of only
    one event, as the Games progressed other events
    were added. The main Olympic Games consisted of
    five main events. They were
  • Boxing
  • Wrestling
  • Pankration (regulated full contact fighting,
    much like today mixed martial arts.)
  • Chariot Racing
  • The Pentathlon- consisted of wrestling, stadion
    (180m foot race), long jump, javelin throw and
    discus throw.

4
Greek Olympic Games5-day-span Schedule
  • The Greek Olympic Games began as one day, but as
    more events were added, the time period was
    expanded. The schedule of the games consisted of
    three days of competition and two of religious
    celebration.

5
Greek Olympic Games5-day-span Schedule (cont.)
  • First Day
  • Oath to Zeus Horkios (Zeus of the Oaths)
  • Heats and Matchups Determined
  • Sacrifices to Pelops
  • Second Day
  • Procession of Equestrian Event Participants
  • Chariot Races
  • Horse Races
  • Pentathlon
  • Stadion Race
  • Javelin Throw
  • Jump
  • Discus Throw
  • Wrestling
  • Third Day (Day of the Full Moon)
  • Procession of All Participants
  • Sacrifices to Zeus
  • Fourth Day
  • Running Events
  • Stadion Race
  • Double-Stadion Race
  • Long-Distance Race
  • Race in Armor
  • Wrestling
  • Boxing
  • Pankration
  • Fifth Day
  • Awarding of Prizes
  • Banquet for Victors

6
BasketballHistory
  • A game that started with 18 men in a YMCA
    gymnasium in Springfield, Mass., has grown into a
    game that more than 300 million people play
    worldwide. The man who created this instantly
    successful sport was Dr. James Naismith.
  • Under instructions from the head of Physical
    Education at the School for Christian Workers,
    Naismith was given 2 weeks to invent an indoor
    game that would provide an "athletic distraction"
    for a rowdy class through the brutal New England
    winter. His creation didn't come easily. His
    first intention was to bring outdoor games
    indoors such as soccer and lacrosse. These games
    proved to be  too physical and cumbersome.
  • After brainstorming some new ideas, Naismith
    developed basketball's original 13 rules and
    consequently, the game of basketball. The new
    indoor game was played with a soccer ball, peach
    baskets and nine to a side. This first contest is
    believed to have been played Dec. 21, 1891

7
Basketball
  • Potential Energy (PE mgh)
  • When a person bounces a basketball, at its
    maximum height, it has potential (or stored)
    energy. It has a mass, its being affected by
    gravity, and it has a height.
  • Theres also potential energy involved when a
    person prepares for a to shoot, dunk, rebound, or
    block a shot. They bend their knees to create
    energy for their jump.
  • Kinetic Energy (KE ½ mv2)
  • When the basketball hits the ground, it loses
    some energy in the process. At its lowest point,
    it has kinetic energy. It has its mass, and its
    velocity from falling to the ground.
  • Projectile Motion (x vot ½at2)
  • and (y vot ½gt2)
  • Shooting a basketball and passing a basketball
    both involve projectile motion. There is movement
    in the x and y position. When a person shoots the
    ball, they have to estimate where the ball will
    start its downward arc so that it will go
    through the hoop. When a person is receiving a
    pass, they have to set up at the right spot so
    that they catch the ball in the right position.

8
FootballHistory
  • Walter Camp, the Athletic Director at Yale
    University from 1888-1914 used several different
    rules from Rugby and Soccer to derive a new game
    called football. The original basic rules are as
    follows

1.) side retained undisputed possession of the
ball, until that side gives up the ball as a
result of its own violations 2.) the line of
scrimmage 3.) 11 on a team instead of 15 4.)
created the quarter-back and center positions
5.) forward pass 6.) standardized the scoring
system, numerical scoring 7.) created the safety,
interference, penalties, and the neutral zone
8.) tackling as low as the knee was permitted
1888 9.) a touchdown increased in value to six
points and field goals went down to three points
1912
9
Physics of Football
  • The path of a football can be looked at using
    these 2 equations
  • y Vyt - 0.5gt2
  • x Vxt
  • y is the height at any time (t)
  • Vy is the vertical component of the football's
    initial velocity
  • g is acceleration due to Earth's gravity, 9.8
    m/s2
  • x is the horizontal distance of the ball at any
    time (t)
  • Vx is the horizontal component of the football's
    initial velocity
  • Hang Time
  • ttotal (2Vy / g)
  • Maximum Range
  • Xmax Vx ttotal
  • Time Ball Reaches Maximum Height
  • t1/2 0.5 ttotal
  • Maximum Height
  • ymax vy(t1/2) - ½g(t1/2)2

10
Physics of Football
  • American football is a competitive team sport.
    The object of the game is to score points by
    advancing the football into the opposing team's
    end zone. The ball can be advanced by carrying
    the ball, or by throwing or handing it from one
    teammate to the other. Points can be scored in a
    variety of ways, including carrying the ball over
    the goal line, throwing the ball to another
    player past the goal line or kicking it through
    the goal posts on the opposing side. The winner
    is the team with the most points when the time
    expires and the last play ends.
  • Velocity and Angle
  • Ball moves in two directions horizontally and
    vertically
  • The angle of the thrown or kick affects how much
    velocity is in each direction.
  • If the angle is steep, there will be more
    velocity in the vertical direction causing the
    ball to go higher, but will travel a shorter
    distance.
  • If the angle is shallow, there will be more
    velocity in the horizontal direction causing the
    ball to travel a farther distance, but not go as
    high.
  • Throwing or Kicking a Football
  • When a football is thrown through to air it moves
    in a curved path and is affected by gravity.
  • Gravity slows the ball down until it reaches its
    maximum height where it stops briefly, then
    gravity causes it to accelerate back down to the
    ground.
  • This movement is known as projectile motion.
    Three factors play a part in projectile motion
  • Velocity
  • Angle
  • Rotation

11
Physics of Football
  • Elastic Collision
  • Players do not stay in contact after they
    collide.
  • Inelastic Collision
  • One player grabs on to another and they move
    together.
  • If the both players have the same momentum when
    they hit, they will stop moving at the time of
    collision.
  • If one player has more momentum than the other,
    the player with less momentum will be knocked
    backwards.
  • Running on the Field
  • Players Momentum
  • p mv
  • Changing Direction and Acceleration on the Field
  • a (vf - vo)/(tf - to)
  • vf is final velocity
  • vo is initial velocity
  • tf is final time
  • to is initial time

12
Baseball/SoftballHistory
  • Americans began playing baseball on informal
    teams, using local rules, in the early 1800s. By
    the 1860s, the sport, unrivaled in popularity,
    was being described as America's "national
    pastime."
  • Alexander Joy Cartwright (1820-1892) of New York
    invented the modern baseball field in 1845.
    Alexander Cartwright and the members of his New
    York Knickerbocker Base Ball Club, devised the
    first rules and regulations for the modern game
    of baseball.
  • Softball is a variant of baseball and a popular
    participant sport, particularly in the United
    States.
  • In 1887, George Hancock, a reporter for Chicago
    Board of Trade, invented softball. He invented
    the game as a form of indoor baseball on a cold
    winter day inside the warm Farragut Boat Club.

13
Baseball/Softball
  • Velocity (m/s)
  • At the most basic, a ball has velocity when its
    thrown. It travels a certain distance per second.
    A pitcher wants to have the highest velocity
    possible when they throw the ball, because its
    harder for the batter to connect.
  • Projectile Motion (x vot ½at2)
  • and (y vot ½gt2)
  • When a person hits a fly ball, the outfielders
    have to judge where to position themselves so
    that they can catch it. Sometimes its a higher
    arc, while other times its more streamlined.
    They have to take the correct angle on the ball,
    and make sure that theyre under it when it
    starts its downward arc.
  • Impulse (F ?t m ?v)
  • With impulse, you can determine the change in
    speed of the ball. The impulse is different for a
    check swing than for a full swing. The full swing
    obviously has a much higher change in velocity
    then a check swing, because the bat isnt moving
    with the latter.

14
HockeyHistory
  • Historical records show that a crude form of
    hockey was played in Egypt 4,000 years ago, and
    in Ethiopia around 1,000 BC. Various museums
    offer evidence that a form of the game was played
    by Romans and Greeks, and by the Aztec Indians of
    South America several centuries before Columbus
    landed in the New World.
  • Hockey in England in the 17th and 18th century
    consisted of whole villages playing the game with
    the objective of hitting the ball into the
    opposing villages' common ground. Teams often
    consisted of 60 to 100 players and games
    occasionally lasted several days or so with
    injuries such as broken arms and legs not
    uncommon. Umpires could only arbitrate a decision
    if called upon to do so by a player from one of
    the teams.
  • The game that we know today emerged at Eton
    College in England in the 1860s when the first
    rules were written down. Further rules were
    written in 1875 when the first Hockey Association
    was formed. The game was played on a field nearly
    200 meters in length and all players chased the
    ball for the whole of the game. In 1886 the
    Teddington Cricket Club effectively lead a
    movement which resulted in the British Hockey
    Association being formed which included amongst
    its rules a striking circle for hitting goals.
  • Changes in rules and play quickly developed from
    this beginning and by 1889 the pyramid system -
    five forwards, three halves, two backs and a
    goalkeeper - became the accepted method of
    playing hockey.

15
Hockey
  • Physics takes advantage of a number of physical
    properties. For instance, the ice and skate
    reduce friction. The sticks impose a force on
    the puck. When two players collide, inertia
    decides the winner.

16
TennisHistory
  • It was in France that the game as we know it
    today really came into being. During the 16th,
    17th and 18th centuries it became the highly
    fashionable sport of kings and noblemen and was
    called ' Jeu de paumme' - the game of the palm.
  • The term Lawn Tennis was coined by Arthur
    Balfour, a British Statesman and it didn't take
    long before lawn surfaces were replaced with
    various turf derivatives and eventually clay and
    concrete. Within a very short time Lawn Tennis
    began to replace croquet as the summer sport. The
    biggest boost for tennis however came in 1875.
    The All England Croquet Club, formed in 1869 had
    failed to attract enough visitors and in 1875
    they decided to offer Lawn Tennis as an added
    attraction. The new game was an instant success,
    so much so that in 1877 the name of the club was
    changed to the All England Croquet and Lawn
    Tennis Club. Rising rents at their four-acre site
    in the London suburb of Wimbledon however, meant
    that the club had to raise additional funds.
    Later that year the first ever Lawn Tennis
    tournament was organised. A committee was
    established to draw up a set of rules the first
    tournament went ahead with 22 players, watched by
    some 200 spectators. The Wimbledon Championship
    was born.

17
Tennis
  • In tennis, players have to take in a lot of
    physical information. They have to be able to
    visually calculate the balls trajectory. They
    also take into account air friction and the
    effect of spins on the ball.

18
GolfHistory
  • Golf as we know it today originated from a game
    played on the eastern coast of Scotland in the
    Kingdom of Fife during the 15th century. Players
    would hit a pebble around a natural course of
    sand dunes, rabbit runs and tracks using a stick
    or primitive club. Though there were other
    stick-and-ball games at the time, only Golf had
    an addition aspect the hole.
  • From Scotland, golf spread quickly into England
    and then throughout the world.

19
Physics of Golf
Golf is a sport in which individual players or
teams hit a ball into a hole using various clubs,
and also is one of the few ball games that does
not use a fixed standard playing area.
  • There are many different types of golf clubs, and
    each creates a different angle when hitting the
    ball.
  • The higher the number is on the club, the
    higher that ball will go when hit.
  • Range of the ball can be determined using

20
Conclusion
  • It is overly evident that physics plays an
    important role in sports.  In fact those who can
    use physics in there play typically have an
    advantage over others.With the use of physics
    you can design practice programs that are more
    effective in targeting certain groups of
    muscles.All of these factors provide for a
    significant reason to study physics.
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