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A QuasiExperimental Study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of direct intervention materials

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Title: A QuasiExperimental Study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of direct intervention materials


1
(No Transcript)
2
Article Review
Article Research Question Subjects Setting Me
thods Results Discussion
  • A Quasi-Experimental Study was conducted to
    investigate the efficacy of direct intervention
    materials (Pay Attention!) created for children
    diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity
    disorder (ADHD).

Kerns, K.A., Eso, K., Thomson, J. (2000).
Investigation of a Direct Intervention for
Improving Attention in Young Children with ADHD.
Developmental Neuropsychology, 16(2), 273295.
3
Research Question
Article Research Question Subjects Setting Me
thods Results Discussion
  • Do Child-Oriented Direct Interventions
    (process-specific approaches) such as Pay
    Attention! Improve Attention in Children with
    Attention Disorders?

4
Subjects
Article Research Question Subjects Setting Me
thods Results Discussion
Participants included Fourteen Children Ages 7 to
11 Years that had been diagnosed with attention
deficit hyper- activity disorder (ADHD). All
participants were from the greater Victoria,
British Columbia area.
5
Subjects II
Article Research Question Subjects Setting Me
thods Results Discussion
The children were Split into Treatment and
Control Groups that were matched by age, sex and
medication status. There were 4 Boys and 3 Girls
in Each Group and 5 of the 7 Children in each
group were on Stimulant Medications throughout
the study.
6
Setting
Article Research Question Subjects Setting Me
thods Results Discussion
  • Training sessions were conducted for all
    participants After School either in a Small Room
    in the School Building or in the Researchers
    Laboratory space.
  • All children were Assessed and Seen for
    Treatment by one of the Investigators who also
    completed the pre- and post-testing.

7
Methods
Article Research Question Subjects Setting Me
thods Results Discussion
  • Experiment Design
  • Participants in the Treatment Group spent all of
    their sessions Working with the Pay Attention!
    materials.
  • The Control Group engaged in a Variety of
    Computer-Based Activities, including puzzles and
    games such as Freddi Fish, Memory Castle, and
    MathBlaster.
  • Dependent variable ADHD/ Attention
  • Independent variable Direct Intervention/Pay
    Attention!

8
Methods - Measures
Article Research Question Subjects Setting Me
thods Results Discussion
  • Pre- and Post-Treatment Measures were
    administered prior to beginning the intervention
    and within two weeks of completing the treatment.
  • Seven Measures appropriate for young children
    were chosen.

9
Methods Measures II
Article Research Question Subjects Setting Me
thods Results Discussion
Tests measured for
  • Distractibility and Planning
  • Sustained Auditory Attention
  • Sustained Visual Attention
  • VisualSpatial Ability
  • Impulsivity and Executive Function
  • Behavioral Inhibition and Selective Attention
  • Academic Efficiency

10
Methods Data Analysis
Article Research Question Subjects Setting Me
thods Results Discussion
  • The data from Pre- and Post-Treatment Testing
    were Analyzed Using the Raw Scores for all
    measures.
  • All analyses involved Examining Changes Within
    Participants (pre-treatment scores serving as the
    control).

11
Methods Data Analysis II
Article Research Question Subjects Setting Me
thods Results Discussion
  • Data were submitted to an Analysis of Covariance
    (ANCOVA) Procedure.
  • Individual Paired t-Tests for both groups were
    utilized to determine how much change each group
    exhibited and if that change was significantly
    different from no change.

12
Results
Article Research Question Subjects Setting Me
thods Results Discussion
  • The Treatment Group Demonstrated Significantly
    Larger Gains than the control group on the Mazes
    subtest of the WISCIII, the ACT, sections of the
    Underlining Test requiring sustained and
    selective attention, and the DayNight Stroop
    (behavioral inhibition and selectivity), as well
    as on a measure of academic efficiency.

13
Results II
Article Research Question Subjects Setting Me
thods Results Discussion
  • Marginally significant effect of treatment on the
    Impulsivity and Executive Function Tasks
    (Matching Familiar Figures Test, MFFT)
  • In contrast, there were No Specific Treatment
    Effects on the Childrens Continuous Performance
    Task (CCPT), or the VisualSpatial Ability tasks
    Hooper Visual Organization Test (VOT).

14
Discussion
Article Research Question Subjects Setting Me
thods Results Discussion
  • Overall, the results suggest that a Direct
    Treatment Approach (such as Pay Attention!) can
    be Effective for Improving Performance on several
    measures of sustained, selective, and
    higher-level Attention.
  • Additionally, Improvements were noted in the
    treatment group on a measure of Academic
    Efficiency and in the control group possibly due
    to the impact of nonspecific training video game
    activities.

15
Discussion Limitations
Article Research Question Subjects Setting Me
thods Results Discussion
  • Limited measures of Generalizability.
  • The Absence of a Long-Term Follow-Up Study
    prevents determining if the gains measured are
    only time limited or whether they represent an
    enduring change in underlying ability.
  • Replication would be necessary.

16
Discussion Limitations II
Article Research Question Subjects Setting Me
thods Results Discussion
  • Improvements in the treated group were well above
    the control group however, both groups of
    children improved on measures of attention and on
    academic tasks. Whether this was a result of the
    instructional video games or the interaction with
    investigators over an eight-week period is
    unknown.
  • Other factors affecting the study were Small
    Sample Size, the Impact of Medication Status on
    participants, and possible Ceiling Effect on the
    Childrens Continuous Performance Task Measure.

17
Discussion - Implications
Article Research Question Subjects Setting Me
thods Results Discussion
  • Belson discusses the prevalence of ADHD in
    school-aged children along with characteristics
    and subtypes of the disorder.
  • For instructors, knowledge of the symptoms of
    ADHD, along with an understanding of brain
    networks and learner differences, helps provide a
    means of early detection and methods of
    treatment.

18
Discussion Implications II
Article Research Question Subjects Setting Me
thods Results Discussion
  • Flexible Media, the use of Alternative and
    Multiple Methods for Attention Training, and
    Instruction Helps Teachers
  • Individualize Instructional Programs
  • Provide Interest Hooks for Engagement and
    Learning
  • Assists Children with ADHD to Better Control,
    Focus, and Sustain their attention by training
    their brains

19
For More Information. . .
Article Research Question Subjects Setting Me
thods Results Discussion
  • National Attention Deficit Disorder Association
    www.add.org
  • Play Attention!
  • www.playattention.com
  • Full Article Review Word PDF
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