Title: A QuasiExperimental Study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of direct intervention materials
1(No Transcript)
2Article Review
Article Research Question Subjects Setting Me
thods Results Discussion
- A Quasi-Experimental Study was conducted to
investigate the efficacy of direct intervention
materials (Pay Attention!) created for children
diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity
disorder (ADHD).
Kerns, K.A., Eso, K., Thomson, J. (2000).
Investigation of a Direct Intervention for
Improving Attention in Young Children with ADHD.
Developmental Neuropsychology, 16(2), 273295.
3Research Question
Article Research Question Subjects Setting Me
thods Results Discussion
- Do Child-Oriented Direct Interventions
(process-specific approaches) such as Pay
Attention! Improve Attention in Children with
Attention Disorders?
4Subjects
Article Research Question Subjects Setting Me
thods Results Discussion
Participants included Fourteen Children Ages 7 to
11 Years that had been diagnosed with attention
deficit hyper- activity disorder (ADHD). All
participants were from the greater Victoria,
British Columbia area.
5Subjects II
Article Research Question Subjects Setting Me
thods Results Discussion
The children were Split into Treatment and
Control Groups that were matched by age, sex and
medication status. There were 4 Boys and 3 Girls
in Each Group and 5 of the 7 Children in each
group were on Stimulant Medications throughout
the study.
6Setting
Article Research Question Subjects Setting Me
thods Results Discussion
- Training sessions were conducted for all
participants After School either in a Small Room
in the School Building or in the Researchers
Laboratory space. - All children were Assessed and Seen for
Treatment by one of the Investigators who also
completed the pre- and post-testing.
7Methods
Article Research Question Subjects Setting Me
thods Results Discussion
- Experiment Design
- Participants in the Treatment Group spent all of
their sessions Working with the Pay Attention!
materials. - The Control Group engaged in a Variety of
Computer-Based Activities, including puzzles and
games such as Freddi Fish, Memory Castle, and
MathBlaster.
- Dependent variable ADHD/ Attention
- Independent variable Direct Intervention/Pay
Attention!
8Methods - Measures
Article Research Question Subjects Setting Me
thods Results Discussion
- Pre- and Post-Treatment Measures were
administered prior to beginning the intervention
and within two weeks of completing the treatment. - Seven Measures appropriate for young children
were chosen.
9Methods Measures II
Article Research Question Subjects Setting Me
thods Results Discussion
Tests measured for
- Distractibility and Planning
- Sustained Auditory Attention
- Sustained Visual Attention
- VisualSpatial Ability
- Impulsivity and Executive Function
- Behavioral Inhibition and Selective Attention
- Academic Efficiency
10Methods Data Analysis
Article Research Question Subjects Setting Me
thods Results Discussion
- The data from Pre- and Post-Treatment Testing
were Analyzed Using the Raw Scores for all
measures. - All analyses involved Examining Changes Within
Participants (pre-treatment scores serving as the
control).
11Methods Data Analysis II
Article Research Question Subjects Setting Me
thods Results Discussion
- Data were submitted to an Analysis of Covariance
(ANCOVA) Procedure. - Individual Paired t-Tests for both groups were
utilized to determine how much change each group
exhibited and if that change was significantly
different from no change.
12Results
Article Research Question Subjects Setting Me
thods Results Discussion
- The Treatment Group Demonstrated Significantly
Larger Gains than the control group on the Mazes
subtest of the WISCIII, the ACT, sections of the
Underlining Test requiring sustained and
selective attention, and the DayNight Stroop
(behavioral inhibition and selectivity), as well
as on a measure of academic efficiency.
13Results II
Article Research Question Subjects Setting Me
thods Results Discussion
- Marginally significant effect of treatment on the
Impulsivity and Executive Function Tasks
(Matching Familiar Figures Test, MFFT) - In contrast, there were No Specific Treatment
Effects on the Childrens Continuous Performance
Task (CCPT), or the VisualSpatial Ability tasks
Hooper Visual Organization Test (VOT).
14Discussion
Article Research Question Subjects Setting Me
thods Results Discussion
- Overall, the results suggest that a Direct
Treatment Approach (such as Pay Attention!) can
be Effective for Improving Performance on several
measures of sustained, selective, and
higher-level Attention. - Additionally, Improvements were noted in the
treatment group on a measure of Academic
Efficiency and in the control group possibly due
to the impact of nonspecific training video game
activities.
15Discussion Limitations
Article Research Question Subjects Setting Me
thods Results Discussion
- Limited measures of Generalizability.
- The Absence of a Long-Term Follow-Up Study
prevents determining if the gains measured are
only time limited or whether they represent an
enduring change in underlying ability. - Replication would be necessary.
16Discussion Limitations II
Article Research Question Subjects Setting Me
thods Results Discussion
- Improvements in the treated group were well above
the control group however, both groups of
children improved on measures of attention and on
academic tasks. Whether this was a result of the
instructional video games or the interaction with
investigators over an eight-week period is
unknown. - Other factors affecting the study were Small
Sample Size, the Impact of Medication Status on
participants, and possible Ceiling Effect on the
Childrens Continuous Performance Task Measure.
17Discussion - Implications
Article Research Question Subjects Setting Me
thods Results Discussion
- Belson discusses the prevalence of ADHD in
school-aged children along with characteristics
and subtypes of the disorder. - For instructors, knowledge of the symptoms of
ADHD, along with an understanding of brain
networks and learner differences, helps provide a
means of early detection and methods of
treatment. -
18Discussion Implications II
Article Research Question Subjects Setting Me
thods Results Discussion
- Flexible Media, the use of Alternative and
Multiple Methods for Attention Training, and
Instruction Helps Teachers - Individualize Instructional Programs
- Provide Interest Hooks for Engagement and
Learning - Assists Children with ADHD to Better Control,
Focus, and Sustain their attention by training
their brains
19For More Information. . .
Article Research Question Subjects Setting Me
thods Results Discussion
- National Attention Deficit Disorder Association
www.add.org - Play Attention!
- www.playattention.com
- Full Article Review Word PDF