Life Cycle Assessment Future development of LCA and POEMS

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Life Cycle Assessment- Future development of
LCA and POEMS
Research Fellow Mikkel ThraneMaster in
Environmental ManagementAalborg University
www.i4.auc.dk/thrane
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Important skills

• Cleaner production
• EMS
• LCA and POEMS
• DfE, LCC and (LCM)

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• POEMS
• Life Cycle Management (LCM)
• LCA in the future
• Other development tendencies
• Course evaluation

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Towards product orientation
(Øllgaard et al., PROMILLE, 2000)
Product oriented environmental work
Traditionel environmental work
Customers
Customers
Purchase Management Product
development Sale
Production
Service
Marketing Logistic
Economy
Purchase
Product development
Management
Sale
Production
Consumers
Consumers
Environment
Environment
Service
Logistic
Marketing
Economy
Suppliers
Suppliers
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The 10 commandments
(Øllgaard et al., PROMILLE, 2000)

• Locate hotspots and make a pilot project
• Market analysis - joint operation -
  (Environmental SWOT)
• Sell the results within the organisation - NB
  Employees
• Environmentally related market strategy - support
• Determine specific targets for product
  improvements
• Work out guidelines and checklists for employees
• Build up a basis for documentation
• Make follow-up routines (impacts, opportunities
  etc.)
• Clarify the co-operation between departments
• Give people the necessary responsibility and
  power

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How to make a POEMS
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How ...

• Lifecycle thinking in environmental policy
• LCA in impact assessment
• EcoDesign in product development
• Co-operation with customers and suppliers
  concerning environmental improvements
• Green procurement in purchasing department
• Green marketing in sales department

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Is LCA a demand in ISO 14001 ?
(ISO 14001, 1997)

• Section A.4.2.1 (Environmental Aspects) The
  process is
• intended to identify significant environmental
  aspects
• associated with activities, products and
  services, and is
• not intended to require a detailed life cycle
• assessment. Organisations do not have to evaluate
  each
• product, service, component or raw material
  input. They
• may select categories, products or services to
• identify those aspects most likely to have
  significant
• impact (ISO 14001)

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Impact assessment in EMS
(Thrane, 2001)
Input and output
Raw material
Fabri- cation
Produc- tion
Use
Disposal
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Impact assessment in POEMS
(Thrane, 2001)
Potentiel impact
Raw material
Fabri- cation
Produc- tion
User
Disposal
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Impact assessment in POEMS
(Thrane, 2001)
Potentiel impact
Raw material
Fabri- cation
Produc- tion
User
Disposal
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• POEMS
• Life Cycle Management (LCM)
• LCA in the future
• Other development tendencies
• Course evaluation

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LCM definition (SETAC)
(SETAC LCM working group, 2001)

• Life Cycle Management (LCM) is an integrated
  framework of concepts and techniques to address
  environmental, economic, technological and social
  aspects of products, services and organisations.
• LCM, as any other management pattern, is
  applied on a voluntary basis and can be adapted
  to the specific needs and characteristics of
  individual organisations (SETAC working group,
  2001)

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LCM definition (SETAC)
(SETAC LCM working group, 2001)

• LCM is not only a concern for the EHS-unit of
  an enterprise but affects most functions within a
  firm, including top-management, research,
  procurement, manufacturing, finance, marketing
  and sales
• With LCM environmental and LCA considerations
  move out of the green corner (SETAC working
  group, 2001)

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How is LCM different from POEMS
(Weidema, 2001)

• More focus on business thinking and other issues
  like quality and costs
• More focus on Social and Ethical issues - not
  only EHS
• Not only focus on LCA but also tools like Life
  Cycle Cost analysis (LCC), EcoDesign and Supply
  Chain Management.
• Even more focus on the involvement of all
  relevant departments

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How is LCM different from POEMS
(Weidema, 2001)
POEMS
LCM

• Focus on
• Environment
• Eco-efficiency
• Focus on LCA
• Focus on environmental department and related
  departments

Also Economy, Quality, Social and ethical aspects
Also business Focus on Tool box Focus on all
departments within the organisation
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Arnes LCM model
(Remmen, 2001)
Focus
Internal
External
Hartmann
3 1 2 4
Cleaner Production
Life Cycle
Technical
Grundfos
2 3 1 4
Assessment
Approach
LCM
Novotex Green cotton
3 2 4 1
Product
Environmental Management
Social
Chain and
1 4 2 3
Network
Taabbel
Collaboration
LCM Life Cycle Management
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Collaboration in product chain
Collaboration in the product chain (inspired by
Christoffer, 1998)
Primary
Producers
Retailers
producers
Material- and service flow
Communication collaboration
Value- and money flow
Suppliers
Distributors
Consumers
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Arnes LCM model
(Remmen, 2001)
Focus
Internal
External
Hartmann
3 1 2 4
Cleaner Production
Life Cycle
Technical
Grundfos
2 3 1 4
Assessment
Approach
LCM
Novotex Green cotton
3 2 4 1
Product
Environmental Management
Social
Chain and
1 4 2 3
Network
Taabbel
Collaboration
LCM Life Cycle Management
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LCM model (x)
(Inspired Remmen, 2001)
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(Not published Remmen and Thrane, 2001)
LCM - focus on product development
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Weidemas LCM (IPM) model
(Weidema, LCM 2001)

• LCM as common management framework in relation to
  all business targets and business areas (BOWs
  model)
• Life Cycle Thinking as a common approach in all
  business areas

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Weidemas LCM model
(Weidema, LCM 2001)
Identify bottlenecks
Adjust to demand
Remove friction
Shrink to size
Costs Inventory Capacity Knowledge/ human
ressources Project management Product
quality Product development Environment Social/
ethical issues
ABC LCC
Supply chain management
The learning organisation
LCM
Chritical chain
Total Quality Management / Business Excellence
QFD /Core Competences/ Process re-ingeneering
EMS
?? Ethical Accounting ??
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Weidemas LCM model
(Weidema, LCM 2001)
Common focus on Life Cycle Thinking
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Grundfos LCM model
(Inspired by Thorup, 2001)
Employee participation, Learning org.
DfE, LCA, Cleaner Production Green purchasing
etc.
People (Social sustainability) Profit
(Economical sustainability) Planet (Ecological
sustainability)
Product chain and network collaboration
3 P
EMS, POEMS etc.
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LCM in perspective
(Inspired by SETAC, 2001 Weidema, 2001)
Wide focus
Integrated Management
LCM, EFQM
Theme specific Management
EMS, POEMS, ISO 9001
LCA and DfE (environment), QFD and HACCP
(quality), LCC (economy) etc.
Tools
Narrow focus
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• POEMS
• Life Cycle Management (LCM)
• LCA in the future
• Other development tendencies
• Course evaluation

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LCA in the future (dynamic LCAs)
( According to Weidema, 2nd National Conference
on LCA, Melbourne, 2000)

• 1. More focus on stakeholder involvement
• 2. Address the issues that are important for
  sustainability
• 3. Prospective LCA instead of (only)
  retrospective LCA studies
• 4. Include secondary effects on other product
  systems

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1. Stakeholder involvement
(Weidema, 2nd National Conference on LCA,
Melbourne, 2000)

• It is a waste of ressources if the issues
  addressed by the study are different from those
  that the decision-makers and stakeholders regard
  as important
• It may be a barrier for improvements if the LCA
  results leeds to controversies

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2. Address the important issues
(Weidema, 2nd National Conference on LCA,
Melbourne, 2000)

• Content (instead of only packing)
• Transport systems (instead of only automobile
  parts)
• Important life cycle stages (instead of cradle to
  gate)
• More focus on product development and strategic
  decisions (instead of only labelling)
• More focus on qualitative approach
• More focus on important data
• More focus on issues which are percieved as
  important instead of focusing on trivial issues
  like COD
• More focus on uncertainties and scenarios

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Exercises - group work
UPS...
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3. Prospective versus retrospective LCAs
(Weidema, 1998)
Time horizon
Long time
Stategic
IPP Society action plans
Product development
In 5 years
Product standards Criteria for eco-labelling
Tactical
Marketing claims Supplier requirements
Now
Consumer information
Operational
Hot spot analysis Env. declarations
Historical
Area
Specific product and market
A group of products for several markets
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4. Impacts on other systems
(Weidema, 2nd National Conference on LCA,
Melbourne, 2000)

• Impact on social behavior
• Effects on the overall spending patterns
• Impact on sorrounding product system
• Effect from secondary use on other product
  systems
• Impact from co-products on other product systems

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• POEMS
• Life Cycle Management (LCM)
• LCA in the future
• Other development tendencies
• Course evaluation

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Other development tendencies
(Astrup Jensen, Allan, Life Cycle Assessment,
1997)

• 1. One way passive communication
• 2. Boundaries (company)
• 3. Verification as option
• 4. Single company progress reporting
• 5. Inputs and outputs
• 6. Environmental performance

1. Multi-way active dialogue 2. Boundaries
(stakeholder dialogue) 3. Verification as
standard 4. Benchmarkability 5. Impacts and
outcomes (end-point) 6. Triple bottom line
performance
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The fundamental dilemma

• Simplification

Sufistication
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• POEMS
• Life Cycle Management (LCM)
• LCA in the future
• Other development tendencies
• Course evaluation