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China

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Title: China


1
China
  • Anna Shults
  • Dan Manning
  • Jasmin Willis
  • Kady Yeomans

2
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3
Geography
  • Peoples Republic of China is made of
  • 22 provinces
  • 5 autonomous regions
  • 4 centrally administered cities
  • 2 Special Administrative Regions
  • Hong Kong
  • Macao (near Hong Kong, tip of Guangdong)
  • Population of about 1.3 billion
  • 5 times as many as U.S.
  • 60 live in rural areas

4
Geography
  • Geography sea to the east
  • Mountains to north, south, and west
  • Deserts, grasslands, dense forest in various
    north
  • Tropical rain forest to the south

5
Geography
  • Middle Kingdom
  • Comes from the isolation these geographic
    barriers once created
  • In Chinese means another word for China itself
    zhongguo political, cultural center of world
  • Sparsely populated western part, mainly deserts,
    mountains, high plateaus

6
Geography
  • Northeast
  • Like US plains
  • Wheat growing area and industrial heartland
  • Southern
  • more tropical
  • Year-round agriculture and intensive rice
    cultivation

7
Geography
  • 60 of Chinas people work and live in rural
    areas though concentrated along eastern seaboard
    and 3 rivers
  • Yellow (north)
  • Yangtze (central)
  • Pearl (south)
  • 20 worlds population
  • 10 worlds arable land
  • 4th largest country in the world

8
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9
Important Chinese Political History
  • 1911- Revolution led by Sun Yat-sen overthrows
    imperial system and establishes Republic of China
  • 1912- Nationalist Party formed to oppose warlords
    that have seized power
  • 1921- CCP founded
  • 1927- Civil war between Nationalists (now led by
    Chiang Kai-shek) and Communists begins
  • 1934- Mao Zedong becomes leader of CCP

10
Important Chinese Political History
  • 1949- Chinese Communists win civil war and
    establish the Peoples Republic of China.
  • 1958-1960- Great Leap Forward
  • Utopian effort to accelerate economy relying on
    labor power and launching China into an
    egalitarian effort of true communism
  • Was wildly unsuccessful, resulting in famine,
    wasted resources, etc., and a setback in economic
    development

11
Important Chinese Political History
  • 1966-1976- Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution
  • Ideological crusade to revert back to the vision
    of socialism
  • Red Guards to fight revisionism
  • 1976- Mao Zedong dies
  • 1978- Deng Xiaoping becomes Chinas paramount
    leader

12
Important Chinese Political History
  • 1989- Tiananmen Square Massacre
  • 1997- Deng Xiaoping dies
  • Jiang Zemin becomes Chinas most powerful leader
  • 2002-2003- Hu Jintao succeeds Jiang as head of
    the CCP and the president of the Peoples
    Republic of China

13
Tiananmen Square
14
Tiananmen Square
  • Labor activists, students, and intellectuals of
    the PRC protesting against the policies of the
    CCP.
  • In Beijing, military retaliation left civilians
    dead or injured.
  • PRC 200-300
  • New York Times 400-800
  • Chinese Red Cross 2,000-3,000

15
Political Institutions
  • Complete Domination by the Chinese Communist
    Party (CCP)

16
Levels of Government
  • Chinese Communist Party leads
  • Subnational levels include the provinces,
    autonomous regions, and centrally administered
    cities, but they do not have policymaking
    autonomy
  • Operate under under the unified leadership of
    central authorities

17
Executive
  • Dual
  • Contain premier and president although all
    government officials are under direct or indirect
    control by the CCP and all high ranking officials
    are in the CCP. The government of the PRC
    essentially acts as the administrative agency for
    carrying out and enforcing policies made by the
    party

18
Executive
  • Chief of State President Hu Jintao (since 15
    March 2003)
  • Vice President Zeng Qinghong (since 15 March
    2003)
  • Premier Wen Jiabao (since 16 March 2003)
  • Vice Premier Wu Yi (17 March 2003)
  • Vice Premier Zeng Peiyan (since 17 March 2003)
  • Vice Premier Hui Liangyu (since 17 March 2003)

19
Executive
  • President
  • National Peoples Congress elects president and
    vice president although there is only one
    candidate chosen by the CCP for each office
  • 5 year term, 2 term limit
  • Mainly a ceremonial office, but senior party
    leader has always held it
  • Meets and negotiates with other world leaders

20
Executive
  • Prime Minister aka Premier
  • Head of government
  • Authority over bureaucracy and policy
    implementation
  • Formally appointed by president with National
    Peoples Congress approval but CCP decides who
    will serve as Premier
  • 2 5 year terms allowed - Wen Jiabao chosen as
    premier in March 2003
  • Always a high ranking member of CCP on standing
    committee

21
Legislature
  • Unicameral
  • Organization
  • National Peoples Congress highest organ of
    state power seriously controlled by the CCP like
    everything else though
  • Officially has a hierarchy of other congresses
    that move down through provincial peoples
    congresses to municipal peoples congresses to
    rural township and on. They are in charge of
    overseeing the executive branch or peoples
    governments at various levels but are actually
    subject to party leadership

22
Representation
  • CCP has a National Party Congress that meets for
    1 week every 5 years with 2100 delegates
  • More symbolic than decision making although 1 of
    2 highest leading bodies of CCP specified in
    Constitution of CCP
  • Mainly approves decisions of leadership in the
    party.

23
Representation
  • Central Committee is the other of the highest
    leading bodies
  • 198 full members and 158 alternate
  • Is the 2nd most important and consist of CCP
    leaders all over the country meet annually for
    nearly a week
  • 5 year term and elected by secret ballot (with
    limited choices) by National Party Congress
  • These elections are mainly controlled by party
    leadership to ensure compliance with their
    decisions

24
Membership
  • Political Bureau (or Politburo) has 24 members, 9
    of which go to the Standing Committee. The
    Standing Committee is the highest power of the
    CCP. Members are elected by the Central
    Committee. These discussions are mainly held in
    secret monthly and are in true command of the CCP
    and therefore the PRC. Chairman was replaced as a
    the name for head of the state to General
    Secretary in order to break with the ideology of
    Mao and be more progressive economically.

25
Membership
  • Central Commission for Discipline
  • In charge of discipline and keeping down
    political corruption
  • Secretariat
  • Organization of keeping all party members
    connected
  • Wields some authority
  • Manages day-to-day work of Politburo and Standing
    Committee

26
Parliamentary and Presidential Systems
  • Executive/Legislative Relations
  • CCP dominates
  • Separation/Fusion of Power
  • Beneath central government provinces, cities,
    counties, rural towns
  • Centrally administered cities Beijing, Shanghai,
    Tianjin, Chongqing
  • 5 autonomous regions w/ large minority
    populations
  • Each of these contains a Representative Peoples
    Congress meeting infrequently
  • Plays limited role in managing affairs or
    jurisdiction

27
Parliamentary and Presidential Systems
  • Sub nationals gov. organizations have 2
    supervisors next higher level of gov. and the
    Communist Party at that level
  • Ex education in Chinese Province must listen to
    both the CCP committee for education in that
    province and the Ministry of Education in Beijing
  • Creates conflict in authority emphasizes
    centralization and party domination
  • Below provinces 700,000 rural villages
    majority of population lives here
  • Village leaders have recently been democratically
    and competitively elected, not formally
    responsible to higher state authority

28
Presidential and Parliamentary Systems
  • Representative assemblies in villages are more
    active in local affairs
  • Somewhat grass-roots democracy movement
  • However, most important village leaders is CCP
    leader (Village Party Secretary) and most
    powerful organization is CCP Village Committee

29
Party Discipline
  • Very disciplined within the CCP
  • Used to be absolute power under Mao. While still
    having extreme authority, now the CCP must deal
    more with politics

30
Divided Government
  • Government has become more decentralized since
    the end of Mao. More power has been given to
    local and provincial authorities, especially in
    terms of economics. CCP still maintains
    incredible power over military, police, energy
    sources, resources and infrastructure
    construction projects.

31
Elections
  • Policy making
  • Fragmented authoritarianism- fundamentally
    authoritarian, far from democratic, accounts for
    fragmentation since Mao-in-command system, more
    bargaining among political leaders in different
    levels
  • Ultimately under CCP, top 2 dozen or so of party
    leaders wield nearly unchecked power
  • Use a nomenklatura system lists of millions of
    positions that must be approved by a CCP
    organization in order to exist even if the person
    is not a member of CCP, attempting to maintain
    control
  • Emphasis again on guanxi, aka networking, except
    deeper with more familial obligations rooted in
    Confucian ideology

32
Elections
  • Presidential
  • Indirectly elected by NPC
  • Parliamentary
  • Indirect NPCs are elected not by all in the
    province but by deputies already serving in
    provincial-level Peoples Congress who were
    indirectly elected by county-level Peoples
    Congresses in the province

33
Elections
  • Non-competitive
  • Fear increasing direct elections because it might
    serve as a forum for dissent
  • Used to have only 1 candidate but are now
    increasing some cases where independently
    nominated candidates have defeated official
    nominees although independent candidates are
    still basically approved by CCP anyway
  • Elections, aka not-elections mechanisms to give
    the communist party-state greater legitimacy by
    allowing large numbers of citizens to participate
    in the political process under very controlled
    circumstances
  • Most significant democratization occurs at rural
    levels
  • Most are indirect government bodies decide who
    serves at higher levels

34
Political Parties
  • There are elections, legislative bodies, and
    organizations like labor unions although all are
    under CCP control
  • Technically 8 parties, although considered a 1
    party system due to CCP domination

35
CCP
  • 70 million members, growth since 1949
  • Dropped in numbers during Cultural Revolution
    (but many welcomed back after Maos death if
    they lived)
  • Largest political party in the world, but 5 of
    PRCs populations
  • Mid 1950s 70 peasants only 45 were industrial
    workers, laborers blue collar in 2002 although
    the CCP apparently supports them the most
  • Most are government officials, making efforts to
    gain economic entrepreneurs to join the party
  • Women are less than 20/ 2.5 of Central
    Committee 1 female on Politburo and none on
    standing Committee
  • About 70 million in Communist Youth League
    Party membership training ground although many
    believe that communist ideology is irrelevant to
    their lives and the nations future CCP recruits
    2 million new members each year for access to
    power and advancement

36
Democratic Parties
  • Lend credibility to idea of democracy (theyre
    not fooling us though)
  • China Democratic League intellectuals
  • Chinese Party for the Public Interest returned
    overseas Chinese
  • Fewer than 500,000 members
  • Insignificant, loyal non-opposition

37
Democratic Parties
  • CPPCC Chinese Peoples Political Consultative
    Conference main forum of expression for these
    parties and is an advisory body that meets for 2
    weeks once a year along with NPC (CPPCCers are
    nonvoting delegates to represent
    noncommunists) all are supervised by CCP
  • CCP party leader actually leads/supervises the
    CPPCC
  • No serious dissent 1998 severe prison
    sentences to activists continue to discourage
    real dissenters

38
Interest Groups
  • Much use of guanxi kinship, friendship ties to
    cut red tape etc
  • Patron-client politics at local levels
  • Organized interest groups and social movements
    that are truly independent of party-state
    authority are not permitted to influence
    political process in any significant way

39
Interest Groups
  • CCP creates mass organizations to preempt
    formation of actual interest groups
  • Hundreds of millions in membership
  • Ex. All-China Womens Federation

40
Interest Groups
  • All-China Federation of Trade Unions ACFTU (about
    90 million workers)
  • Top-down party controlled organizations
  • Neither are independent political voices for
    those they represent but sometimes effectively
    lobby for rights (have strongly advocated against
    domestic violence for women and workweek from six
    to five days respectively)
  • Ex Wal-Mart does not allow American union
    members or unions to form in its USA stores
    because these unions actually work for worker
    benefits. Wal-Mart allows ACFTU because it works
    for employer gains and is controlled by the CCP

41
Interest Groups
  • Increase in NGOs non governmental
    organizations- not as subordinate to CCP
  • Ex China Green Earth Volunteers, China
    Foundation for the Preventions of STDs and AIDs,
    China Children and Teenagers Fund
  • Must register with the government have more room
    to maneuver without party interference if they do
    not challenge official policies and only try to
    help in the areas they are concerned with as they
    can.

42
Bureaucracy
  • Premier directs the State Council which is the
    highest body of state administration
  • Membership determined by party leadership and
    formally appointed by the National Peoples
    Congress
  • Acts like cabinet in parliamentary system
  • Size varies

43
Bureaucracy
  • Each minister controls a specific
    ministry/department
  • Support staffs beneath the State Council can be
    issue-specific task force called leadership
    small groups
  • Bring various ministries and commissions together
    to coordinate policy and implementation
  • Example of permanent group Central Leading Group
    on Foreign Affairs with mainly permanent members

44
Bureaucracy
  • Immense in size
  • Reaches throughout the country aka huge
  • Cadres people in positions of authority who are
    paid by government/party
  • Equal to 40 million
  • Some work directly with CCP while many work with
    economic enterprises like schools, science,
    factory directors, etc.

45
Bureaucracy
  • Substantive moves towards merit-based tests as
    opposed to appointment from above, as well as
    decrease in size by 10 (announced 2001)
  • Reform forced retirement between 60-70 and 2
    term limit on top cadre positions, although some
    exceptions made for top leaders

46
Judiciary
  • Supreme Peoples Court to Supreme Peoples
    Procuratorate to Local level Peoples
    Procuratorates to High Courts (provinces) to
    Intermediate Courts (cities) to Grassroots Court
    (counties and townships)
  • Based on civil law system derived from Soviet
    and continental civil code legal principles
    legislature retains power to interpret statutes
    constitution ambiguous on judicial review of
    legislation has not accepted compulsory ICJ
    jurisdiction

47
Political Culture
  • Currently going through a massive change
  • Populace becoming skeptical of communist
    ideologies
  • Socialist goals
  • Revolutionary virtues
  • As a result the Party is now reaching out in new
    ways
  • Increasingly more patriotic
  • Portraying itself as the guardians of Chinas
    best interests
  • Using the media to stress the message that it is
    time for China to return as a dominant world
    power

48
Socialization
  • Very family oriented
  • Schools
  • Highly censored and controlled by the government
  • Estimated 130 million children from age 7 to 14
    are a part of the Young Pioneers
  • Promote good social behavior, patriotism, and
    loyalty to the party
  • Media
  • Highly censored
  • Many internet sites blocked or altered
  • Controls what the News reports and only permits
    things positive to the party
  • Government
  • Has influence in most things

49
Socialization
  • Younger generations moving farther away from
    communist ideology
  • Popular culture
  • Country folk and peasants moving back towards
    roots
  • Replacing figurines of party heroes with statues
    of folk gods and religious tablets
  • Influence of family clans becoming more dominant
    than local authority

50
Cleavages
  • Ethnic/Race
  • 8.5 of Chinas people do not associate
    themselves with the Han
  • Class
  • Very large gap between the wealthy and the poor,
    not the egalitarian society Mao had envisioned
  • Religion
  • Officially atheist
  • Daoist, Buddhist, Muslim- 1-2
  • Christian- 3-4

51
Media
  • Tightly controlled
  • Told what to report
  • Positive to the party and to the state of the
    republic
  • Internet is strictly monitored and controlled
  • Many foreign sites blocked
  • Other sites are modified to block certain
    material from being accessible

52
Political Participation and Protest
  • Indirect Elections
  • People vote for the person directly above them
  • Formerly only one person for each office ran
  • Villages taking steps towards direct elections
  • Open nominations
  • Any party with ten or more voters can nominate a
    candidate
  • Still very closely monitored by the local CCP
  • Most well known protest Tiananmen Square
  • Number of grass root organizations emerged during
    the protest
  • No recent protest demonstrations
  • Protest groups gone underground

53
Citizenship
  • 8.5 of population do not associate themselves
    with the Han
  • Gunagxi, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Tibet, and
    Xinjiang
  • Take up 60 of the total land area of China
  • There is a large Muslim population in China,
    estimated at 20 million
  • Muslims are repressed and the CCP has used the
    September 11th attacks in America as an excuse to
    crack down on the Islamic Movements in China

54
Public Policy
  • Economic growth
  • Slight decentralization of power
  • Local governments have more sway in the larger
    body of the CCP
  • Public opinion and media criticism have no effect
    on policy making
  • All personnel decisions must be approved by the
    party, even if the personnel in question has
    nothing to do with the party itself
  • Everything is tied into guanxi (connections)
  • Personal relationships and mutual obligations

55
Supranational and International Influences
  • WTO, IMF, UN, and UN security council
  • Permanent member of the UN security council
  • IAEA
  • International Atomic Energy Agency
  • Interpol
  • International police force

56
Policy Issues
  • Economic Performance
  • Moving towards a capitalist economy
  • Unemployment rate
  • 6.1 in the urban areas
  • In rural areas there is substantial unemployment
    and underemployment
  • Civil Liberties
  • Concern from CCP that increase in market economy
    will move the nation away from a communist party
  • Moving towards more open elections
  • Media is still tightly controlled

57
Policy Issues
  • Social Welfare
  • Rapidly aging population
  • 71.7 of population is middle aged
  • 91 literacy rate
  • 95 of males and 86 of females
  • Population and Migration
  • 1.32 billion people
  • 92 Han Chinese
  • Very little migration of foreigners into China
    except in large cities

58
Policy Issues
  • Environment
  • Terrible condition
  • 750,000 premature deaths caused yearly by air and
    water pollution
  • Result of rapid development in cities
  • Reform
  • Cleaner Production Promotion Law
  • Reform motivated by upcoming Olympics (not ideal
    conditions for athletic competition)

59
Process of Democratization
  • Components
  • Direct elections at village level
  • Nomination process more open
  • CCP restricts citizens from effecting real power

60
Process of Democratization
  • Factors
  • State control of economy reduced(promote)
  • Market forces play important role in aspects of
    production(promote)
  • Private enterprises encouraged(promote)
  • Economy opened for foreign investments(promote)

61
Process of Democratization
  • Deng Xiaoping Era brought about much more
    economic, social, and cultural freedom, but the
    CCP is suppressing the democratic idea to keep
    power.
  • Consequences
  • Economy increasing(positive)
  • Tiananmen Massacre(negative)

62
Relationship Between Economic and Political Reform
  • Influence on degrees of inequality
  • Effect of degrees of corruption
  • Kai-shek's mismanagement of economy leads to
    increased corruption, poverty and economic
    inequality
  • CCP still represses individuality

63
Economy
  • Initially a command economy under Mao.
  • First Five Year Plan (1953-1957)
  • Yielded results, but created huge bureaucracies
    and inequalities between cities and rural areas
  • The Great Leap Forward and the Cultural
    Revolution, while both embodying Maos economic
    philosophies, were less than successful.
  • However, Mao did create a substantial industrial
    and technological base.

64
Economy
  • Pre-Tiananmen Square Deng Xiaoping made some key
    changes from the Maoist policies.
  • State Control of the economy was significantly
    reduced, market forces were allowed to play a
    role in production
  • Private enterprise encouraged
  • Economy was open to foreign investment

65
Economy
  • Post-Tiananmen Square Zhao Ziyang (formal head
    of CCP) replaced by Jiang Zemin. When Deng died
    in 1997, Jiang secured top leadership. Under
    Jiang, China continued economic reform and
    growth. Overall, the country was politically and
    economically stable under Jiang. Economic growth
    continues under Hu Jintao. This economy is
    referred to as a socialist market economy. China
    is dominating the global economy.

66
Economy
  • GDP annual growth rate
  • 1983-1993- 9.5
  • 1993-2003- 8.6
  • 2002- 8.3
  • 2003- 9.1

67
Globalization
  • China admitted to WTO in 2001
  • Direct Elections in villages
  • Legitimacy questionable
  • 2008 Olympics to be held in Beijing
  • Recognition of economic modernization and
    emergence as a global power
  • An influential member of the UN
  • Holds 1 of the 5 permanent seats on the Security
    Council

68
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