Title: Discourse Analysis The Analysis of Language Longer Than a Sentence
1Discourse AnalysisThe Analysis of Language
Longer Than a Sentence
2Texts May Be of Any Length
- Literary Stylistics poetry prose novels
- Forensic Linguistics courtroom discourse police
discourse language of the law etc. - Critical Discourse Analysis political texts
speeches constitutional/civil rights issues
3Methodologies for Performing Discourse Analysis
- Speech Act Theory
- Interactional Sociolinguistics
- Ethnography of Communication
- Pragmatics
- Conversation Analysis
- Variationist Approach
4Speech Act Theory
- Stems from the Philosophy of Language
- How we accomplish actions with words
- Knowledge of required underlying assumptions
- Interpretations of acts through language
- Contextually dependent
5Interactional Sociolinguistics
- Culturally bound
- Lack of shared background knowledge produces
mismatched intentions/interpretations - How language is situated in different areas of
life
6Ethnography of Communication
- Holistic analysis of meaning/behaviour
- Includes world views and cultural values
- Focus in particularities of each communicative
situation e.g. - People
- Setting
- Context etc.
7Pragmatics
- Inferential interpretations of speakers intent
- Assumption of cooperation (Grice)
- Hearers search for meaning behind adherence to or
breaking of maxims - Contextually bound
8Conversation Analysis
- Stems from sociological studies
- Sees conversation as the building of social order
- Interpretation is limited to the utterances
themselves - No preconceived categories before the analysis
takes place.
9Variationist Approaches
- Search for patterns in discourse
- How are the patterns constrained by the
discourse - Segementation of discourse (typically narrative)
into sections - More emphasis on text than context
- Uses traditional linguistic categories of analysis
10Data Collection
- Collection methods and requirements vary for each
methodology. - May be fragments of conversation (IS) to a wide
range of texts (V). - Some require close personal knowledge and/or
assimilation into a society (EC) others may use
hypothetical discourse of ideal speaker (P).
11Derivational Thinking (DT)
- Linguistic Postulates
- number (use of singular/plural structures)
- sex-based gender (with the masculine form as the
root and the feminine derived from the masculine) - ranking comparative/absolute (e.g. better best)
- e.g. Hardman (1996)
12- Evanescence (featuring Paul McCoy) Bring Me To
Life - How can you see into my eyes
- Like open doorsLeading you down into my
coreWhere Ive become so numb - Without a soul
- My spirit sleeping somewhere cold
- Until you find it there
- And lead it back home(Wake me up) Wake me up
inside(I cant wake up) Wake me up inside(Save
me) Call my name - And save me from the dark(Wake me up) Bid my
blood to run(I cant wake up) Before I come
undone(Save me) Save me - From the nothing Ive becomeNow that I know what
Im withoutYou cant just leave meBreathe into
me and make me realBring me to life(Wake me up)
Wake me up inside(I cant wake up) Wake me up
inside(Save me) Call my name - And save me from the dark(Wake me up) Bid my
blood to run(I cant wake up) - And save me from the dark(Wake me up) Bid my
blood to run
(I cant wake up) Before I come undone(Save
me)Save me From the nothing Ive becomeBring
me to life (Ive been living a lie Theres
nothing inside)Bring me to lifeFrozen inside
without your touch without your love darlin
Only you are the life among the deadAll this
time I cant believe I couldnt seeKept in the
dark But you were there in front of meIve been
sleeping a thousand years it seemsGot to open
my eyes to everythingWithout a thought without
a voice without a soulDont let me die
hereThere must be something moreBring me to
life(Wake me up) Wake me up inside(I cant
wake up) Wake me up inside(Save me) Call my name
And save me from the dark(Wake me up) Bid my
blood to run(I cant wake up) Before I come
undone(Save me) Save me From the nothing Ive
become(Bring me to life) Ive been living a
lie Theres nothing inside (Bring me to life)
13Issues with Bring Me to Life
- Theme song of widely popular film Daredevil
- Calls for hero to Bring me to Life
- Mismatch with the movie - Elektra
- Export of sexism
14- Nickelback Never Again
- Hes drunk again Its time to fight She must
have done something wrong tonight The living
room becomes a boxing ring Its time to run when
you see him Clenching his hands Shes just a
woman - Never Again
- I hear her scream From down the hall Amazing
she can even talk at all She cries to me Go
back to bed Im terrified that shell wind up
Dead in his hands - Shes just a woman
- Never Again
- Been there before but not like this Seen it
before but not like this Never before have I
ever Seen it this bad Shes just a woman Never
Again - Just tell the nurse You slipped and fell It
starts to sting as it starts to swell She looks
at you she wants the truth Its right out there - In the waiting room With those hands Looking
just as sweet as he can - Never Again
- Seen it before but not like this Been there
before but not like this Never before have I
ever Seen it this bad Shes just a woman Never
Again - Fathers a name you havent earned yet Youre
just a child with a temper Havent you heard
Dont hit a lady Kickin your ass would be a
pleasure - Hes drunk again its time to fight Same old
shit - Just on a different night She grabs the gun
shes had enough Tonight shell find out how
fucking Tough is this man Pulls the trigger - Just as fast as she can
- Never Again
- Seen it before but not like this Been there
before but not like this Never before have I
ever Seen it this bad Shes just a woman Never
Again
15DT and Never Again
- This song tells the story of a woman suffering
domestic abuse from her male partner. - Denial of Agency
- The singer here is an onlooker and though he
attests Havent you heard Dont hit a lady
Kicking your ass would be a pleasure the woman
in the song does not allow him to deny her the
agency required to finish this for herself. She
shoots the man while he is beating her. - Double Standard of Content
- Shes just a woman
16- Examples of artists that have songs that lean
towards sexism - Guns n Roses (e.g. Rocket Queen)
- Red Hot Chili Peppers (e.g. Suck my Kiss)
- Kid Rock (e.g. most anything !)
- Puddle of Mudd (e.g. Control)
- Velvet Revolver (e.g. Dirty Little Thing)
- Saliva (e.g. Survival of the Sickest)
17The Good Guys
- Do not take from this that all rock music is
sexist!! - Linkin Park
- Godsmack
- Metallica
- 3 Doors Down
- Audioslave
- Crossfade
18- Crossfade Cold
- Looking back at me I seeThat I never really got
it rightI never stopped to think of youIm
always wrapped up inThings I cannot winYou are
the antidote that gets me bySomething
strongLike a drug that gets me highWhat I
really meant to sayIs Im sorry for the way I
amI never meant to be so cold to you
And Im sorry about all the liesMaybe in a
different lightYou could see me stand on my own
againCause now i can seeYou were the antidote
that got me bySomething strong like a drug that
got me highI never meant to be so coldI never
really wanted you to seeThe screwed up side of
me that I keepLocked inside of me so deepIt
always seems to get to meI never really wanted
you to goSo many things you should have knownI
guess for me theres just no hopeI never meant
to be so cold
