Silage Fermentation Process - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

1 / 26
About This Presentation
Title:

Silage Fermentation Process

Description:

Silage Fermentation Process – PowerPoint PPT presentation

Number of Views:3030
Avg rating:3.0/5.0
Slides: 27
Provided by: psgsm
Category:
Tags: co | fermentation | msn | process | silage | uk

less

Transcript and Presenter's Notes

Title: Silage Fermentation Process


1
Silage Fermentation Process
  • Aerobic (First stage)
  • - Plant respiration
  • 602 C6H12O6 ? 6CO2 6H2O heat
  • -Plant enzymes, yeast, and molds are active
    raising temperature
  • -Air forced out by forage settling
  • -O2 replaced by CO2 (anaerobic conditions
    formed)
  • -4 to 5 hours
  • -Temperature rise stops, 90-100oF desired

2
  • Anaerobic (Second stage)
  • Anaerobic and faculative anaerobes function, two
    phases
  • Acetic acid, decreases pH to about 5
  • Lactic acid, major phase, last longest
  • Bacteria require CHOs for fermentation process
    and desire 80 to 95F temperature

3
(No Transcript)
4
(No Transcript)
5
  • Bacteria convert CHOs to lactic acid and other
    acids
  • C6H12O6 ? 2(C3H6O3)
  • 673 cal ? 652 cal (3.1 loss)
  • Want sufficient acids to
  • Lower silage pH (lt4 desirable)
  • Develops desirable color and odor
  • Stops growth of other bacteria
  • Hydrolysis of hemicellulose
  • Last for about 10 to 20 days - constant

6
(No Transcript)
7
  • Undesirable fermentation (too much O2 present)
  • Aerobic bacteria (clostridia, coliforms, and
    yeast) use up CHOs
  • Produce butyric acid
  • 2(C3H6O3) ? C4H8O2 2H2 2CO2
  • 652 cal ? 524 cal (128 or 19.6 loss)
  • Therefore, pH doesnt drop low enough
  • Putrefactive anaerobes work on proteins
  • NH3, volatile fatty acids, H2S, and amino acids
    released

8
  • Losses in dry matter in making silage
  • Respiration, 1 to 3
  • Fermentation losses, 5 to 10
  • Seepage losses, 5 to 7 common
  • Surface losses, 2 to 4 with plastic covers
  • Air pockets
  • Weathering of surfaces after opening

9
  • Heat damage
  • Temperature should not exceed 100F
  • Low-moisture silage (haylage)
  • Maillard product formation or tobacco-brown
    silages (carmelization)
  • Protein digestibility decreases, ADFN or ADIN
  • Cold fermentation, lt75F
  • 75 to 80 moisture silages (direct-cut legumes)
  • High butyric acid formation common

10
Factors influencing silage process and quality,
(Bolsen, 1985)
  • Biological Crop Characteristics
  • Hybrid -Plant structure
  • DM content -Stage of maturity
  • WSC content -Weather
  • Buffering capacity
  • Effective harvest time

11
Factors influencing silage process and quality,
(Bolsen, 1985)
  • Biological-Epiphytic Microflora
  • Substrate
  • Weather
  • Additives

12
Factors influencing silage process and quality,
(Bolsen, 1985)
  • Management and Know-how
  • Improving suitability
  • Field Wilting
  • Additives
  • Mechanical treatment

13
  • Storage conditions
  • Silo construction
  • Rate of filling
  • Compaction and density
  • Sealing method
  • Oxygen access
  • Temperature and insulation
  • Mechanical treatment

14
(No Transcript)
15
(No Transcript)
16
Major Controllable Factors That Affect Silage
Quality
  • Moisture Probably the most important
  • 60 to 72 ideal storage facility dependent
  • Too wet causes
  • Seepage
  • Undesirable clostridial activity and high butyric
    acid
  • High fermentation losses
  • Intake and animal performance losses

17
  • Too dry
  • Problems eliminating air
  • Problem achieving sufficient pH
  • Aerobic deterioration is high

18
Control moisture in silage by
  • Maturity, recommended
  • Corn fully dented
  • Alfalfa Recommended stage for each harvest for
    prime hay
  • Perennial grasses late boot to early heading
  • Sorghum soft-dough kernels
  • Small grains boot (high energy and protein/lb)
  • Soft dough (Max. yield digestible nutrients/acre)
  • Dry matter additions
  • Adding water
  • Wilting to desired moisture

19
  • O2 exclusion
  • Chopping length ¼ to ½ inch
  • Filling rate, packing, and sealing
  • Storage structure 10 to 25

20
  • Chemical composition of material ensiled (i.e.,
    CHO content)
  • Ideal crop
  • Adequate fermentable CHO
  • Low buffering capacity
  • Physical structure suitable for compacting
  • Several-day harvest period
  • Controlled by
  • Crop maturity
  • CHO additions
  • Crop selection
  • Most crops adequate

21
Silage Additives, Preservatives, and/or
Conditioners
  • To be effective, additives must affect major
    controllable factors.
  • Additives classified by
  • Stimulate fermentation
  • Nutritive feed stuffs (grains, urea (10
    lb/ton), limestone, etc.)
  • Nonnutritive enzyme, bacterial, and yeast
    cultures
  • Lactic acid
  • Survival of Phase I?

22
  • Prevent fermentation
  • Nutritive salt, propionic acid, formic acid
  • Nonnutritive mineral and organic acids, acid
    salts (CA formate, NaNo3), antibiotics and other
    mold inhibitors, formaldehyde

23
  • National Feed Ingredients Association
  • Preservatives antibiotics, sterilants,
    formaldehyde
  • Direct acidification additives formic acid
  • Added feed stuffs Ca, NPN
  • Fermentation aids enzymes and bacterial
    inoculants

24
Summary of inoculant studies
  • 67 improved silage fermentation
  • ? Lactic/acetic ratio
  • ? pH
  • ? NH3
  • 60 ? dry matter recovery (2-3)
  • 40 ? milk production
  • 25 ? dry matter intake and ADG

25
  • When significant
  • DM intake ? 11
  • ADG ? 11
  • Milk production ? 5
  • Feed efficiency ? 9

26
  • Do additives or preservative work?
  • Inadequate testing but consider following
  • Nutrient additives may be effective, but risk
    loss with spoilage
  • Preservatives (i.e., chemicals) will not
    substitute for proper air exclusion and moisture
    control
  • Preservatives generally do NOT produce nutrients
    in silage, only retain what was present
  • Cost high relative to silage value
    (15-20/ton)
  • If preservative cost 2/ton, need 10 to 15
    improvement to pay cost
  • Summary NO SUBSTITUTE FOR GOOD MANAGEMENT
Write a Comment
User Comments (0)
About PowerShow.com