Gender budgeting in India

1
Gender budgeting in India

• Ashok Lahiri
• Lekha S Chakraborty
• P N Bhattacharyya

2
Focus of the study

• Gender Diagnosis
• in access to resources viz.. health, nutrition,
  education etc.
• Women in Economy
• Valuation of womens contribution to the market
  and care economy
• Preparing gender-sensitive budget
• budget through gender lens gender disaggregated
  public expenditure benefit incidence.

3
GDI A Quick Look
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Fiscal Policy GDI Any Link?

• Fixed Effects Model Econometric Verification
• Using cross-country data pooled for 1993,1994 and
  1995 , analysis of link between per capita
  combined expenditure on health and education and
  GDI revealed that one percent increase in the
  former leads to 0.06 points increase in GDI.

5
Gender Diagnosis contd..Missing Women in India

• Adverse Sex Ratio in India (972 per 1000 males in
  1901 to 933 per 1000 males in 2001)
• Sex ratio at birth (0-6) is 927 per 1000 males
  Census 2001

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Statistical Invisibility of Care Economy

• Global estimates suggest that womens unpaid work
  in care economy produces an output of 11
  trillion, compared to a global GDP of about 23
  trillion (UNDP, 1995).
• Extension of Production Boundary of SNA 1993 by
  UNSD led to the inclusion of CARE ECONOMY in
  National Accounts as Satellite Accounts.

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Time spent on Care Economyhours per week
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III. Preparing gender budget

• Global Context
• SHD paradigm of UN Conference of 90s.
• people-mattered budget initiative
• Gender Budgets Country Examples
• Australia (1984)
• Commonwealth Initiative in South Africa, Sri
  Lanka, Barbados, St. Kitts and Nevis and Fiji.

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Indian Context for Gender Budgeting

• ? Special Reference in Budget Speech, 2000
• pertaining to the access of women to national
  resources.
• ? National Development Council adopted
  Empowerment of Women as specific objective of
  9th FYP on February 19,1999.
• ?Womens Component Plan to ensure that not less
  than 30 of funds and benefits flow to women
  from developmental sectors.
• ? Gender equality recognized in Indian
  Constitution.

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Gender Budgeting in Indian Context

• Economic Survey, 2000-01 2001-02
• An entire section on gender equality.
• Highlights of Union Budget 2002-03
• Increase in the plan allocation of DWCD by 33 per
  cent to Rs 2200 crores.
• National Nutrition Mission
• 100 scholarships per year to be provided by Dept
  of Science Tech. To women scientists/technologis
  ts.

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Union Budget 2003 Policy announcements through
gender lens

• Access of women to microcredit through Self-Help
  Groups skewed evidence.
• Antyodaya Anna Yojana Poor Targeting.
• Health Insurance for BPL Families Can increase
  the health costs in the public care system in the
  long run.
• Restructured Pension Scheme intrinsically gender
  blind.

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Gender sensitive budget

• Budgetary resource allocation through gender
  lens.
• Are not separate budgets for women.
• Dissection of budget to establish its
  gender-specific impacts.
• Gendered incidence of budgetary policies for the
  effective targeting of public spending
• Stress repriotisation rather an overall increase
  in public spending.
• Thrust to ensure a greater visibility to care
  economy.

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Preparing gender-sensitive budget

• ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK
• Category i. Specifically targeted expenditure to
  women
• Category ii. Public Expenditure with pro-women
  allocation
• Category iii Mainstream expenditure that make
  gender-differential impacts.

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Categorization of Specifically targeted
expenditure

• gt Protective and Welfare Services
• to prevent atrocities viz. domestic violence,
  kidnapping, rape, dowry deaths
• gt Social Services
• education, health, nutrition
• gt Economic Services
• self employment training programs
• gt Regulatory Services Awareness Generation
  Programs
• Maternal benefit schemes

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Categorization of specifically targeted programs
for women Union Budget 2003-04
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SPECIFICALLY TARGETED EXPENDITURE. FINDINGS

• Direct allocations specially targeted to women
  and girls under various Ministries in Union
  Budget 2003-04 amounted to Rs. 3665 crores
• 0.84 per cent of total expenditure of 2003-04
• Significant deviation of revised estimates from
  the budget estimates Rs 3370 crores in BE
  2002-03 and Rs 2835.93 in RE 2002-03

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Specifically Targeted Programs for Womenshare
in various Ministries
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Public Expenditure with Pro-women allocations

• Certain public expenditure have pro-women
  allocations though they are not exclusively
  targeted for women.
• Eg., poverty alleviation employment generation
  schemes provision for drinking water, fuel,
  housing, improved energy resources etc.

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Public Expenditure with Pro-women
allocationsFindings

• In gender-intensive Ministries
• Pro-women Allocation TE-WSPWC
• In Ministries with few gender-intensive schemes
• Pro-women allocation ? SCS WC
• Share declined from 3.89 percent in 1995-96 to
  2.02 per cent in 2001-02 and further to 2.63 per
  cent in 2002-03 and 2.19 per cent in 2003-04 in
  total expenditure.

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Gender Disaggregated Benefit Incidence

• How gender-inclusive is the mainstream
  expenditure?
• Aims to analyze the distribution of public
  spending by gender.
• BENEFIT INCIDENCE UNIT COSTS No. of UNITS
  UTILISED

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Priority Actions

• Strengthen the gender disaggregated database
  within Departments/Ministries.
• Segregate the provisions for women in the
  composite schemes. Open a distinct minor head
  Women Development in budget document.

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Priority Actions (contd)

• Consolidation of Schemes
• with provision of Rs.10 crore or less.
• (Too many programs with too little money.)
• Expenditure management
• monitor the implementation of scheme
• significant deviation between Budget Estimates
  and Revised Estimates.