Water is the best of all things Pindar, Greek Poet

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Water is the best of all things (Pindar, Greek
Poet
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Water in Crisis

• Four Crises
• How much water is there?
• Water availability and withdrawal
• Water Scarcity
• The Reform Agenda
• Readings de Villiers, Chapts 5 7 WWAR, Chapt
  4 (Water Cycle)

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Notes

• Powerpoint slides will be on web next week (will
  give you URL) these are not always
  self-explanatory
• Schedule of lectures/readings (?)
• Problems with registration see J. Newcomb or P.
  Wakefield
• 1st paper assigned next Monday
• E-mails Please include name and Geog 371
  Query in subject line.

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Terminology

• Informal approach to lecturing (religious or
  national sensitivities Israel Palestinian
  Authority OPTs Kabbalah NA politics, etc)
• Terms Consumption (ambiguous we dont know
  Ag industry and domestic) water use
  (consumption flow in-place)
• Units of measure (cu m 1000 L)

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Four Crises

• Water supply and demand (population growth
  increased scarcity)
• Water quality (250 million new cases of
  water-related disease per year 10 - 12 million
  deaths)
• Geopolitics and international law (who owns the
  water? (surface ground shared rain sewage)
• Data

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Water Quantity

• Demand for water is increasing
• population growth
• urbanization (even with move away from
  agriculture)
• Water is being wasted (50 of water in the
  developing world is lost or wasted)
• Between 44 and 65 of worlds population will
  experience conditions of water scarcity by 2050.

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Water Quality

• Nearly half the population of LDCs suffer from
  health problems associated with water.
• 80 of all disease in LDCs is spread by unsafe
  water.
• Waterborne diseases kill 10 - 25 million people a
  year (malaria schistosomiasis (snails) night
  blindness (black flies)).

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• 1.7 billion people - untreated sewage
• Large discrepancy between urban and rural areas
• Rural Africa 30 population has safe drinking
  water 20 has sanitation facilities.
• Geopolitics
• Water is a strategic resource vital for
  security, human well-being and economic
  development (leads to data issues)

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Data Issues

• Confidential (e.g., Middle East)
• Misleading or too aggregate (country level)
• Poor monitoring and measuring
• Issues of complementarity (among countries
  AEIN) indicators (e.g., water quality)

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Additional Challenges a) Lack of
accessibility b) Fragmentation of water
management c) Decline of financial resources d)
Lack of awareness by decision makers
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How much is available to us?

• Total amount of water is constant and renewable
• Amount available (runoff from surface and
  groundwater) 34,000 44,000 km3(best
  estimates by Igor Shiklomanov)
• Problems? Distribution timing and erratic
  supply
• Water not only essential for humans, but for all
  life

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Seas Oceans 97.5
GROUND WATER 0.775
LAKESSWAMPS RIVERS 0.025
GLACIERS SNOW PERMAFROST 1.725
TOTAL AMOUNT OF WATER 1.4 billion cubic
km Shiklomanov
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Natural Hydrologic Cycle
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Freshwater Stress/Scarcity

• Stress less than 1700 cu.m./capita/yr
• Scarcity less than 1000 cu.m./capita/yr
• Very unreliable indicator

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GLOBAL POPULATION For1960 - 2050
High variant
Medium variant
Low variant
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WORLD WATER CHALLENGES
Water scarcity
Evolution of water shortages in 100 years
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