Are polysaccharides reducing agents

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Are polysaccharides reducing agents?
Oct 22, 2007

• Answer NO!!

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Plasmalogens (glycerophospholipid)
Oct 22, 2007

• X Ethanolamine, serine, choline

3
Review of Cholesterol
Oct 22, 2007

• Cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene
• (CPPP)

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Cholesterol Ester
Oct 22, 2007

• Precursor to steroid hormones.
• Lipoproteins
• Membrane protein

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Steroids
Oct 22, 2007

• Are more polar than cholesterol
• Move thru bloodstream on protein carrier from
  site of production to target tissue.
• Triggers changes in gene expression and
  metabolism.

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Testosterone
Oct 22, 2007

• Male sex hormone
• Made in the testes.
• YOU DO NOT NEED TO MEMORIZE THESE STRUCTURES.
  JUST BE ABLE TO RECOGNIZE THEM.

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Estradiol
Oct 22, 2007

• Female sex hormone
• Made in the ovaries

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Cortisol
Oct 22, 2007

• Regulates glucose metabolism

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Aldosterone
Oct 22, 2007

• Made in the cortex of the adenyl gland

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Lipid Linked Proteins vs. Lipoproteins
Oct 22, 2007

• Lipid Linked Proteins
• Covalent
• Found in the membrane
• Mediate protein-protein interaction.
• Proteins form covalent bonds with three classes
  of lipoproteins
• 1. Isoprenoid groups
• 2. Fatty acyl groups
• 3. Glycoinsitol phospholipd

• Lipoproteins
• Noncovalent
• Taxi TAG and Cholesterol.
• SEE PAGE 402-403 (VOET-VOET 3RD EDITION) FOR
  ISOPRENE STRUCTURE

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CaaX Motif
Oct 22, 2007

• C cysteine, aAlpha aa, X any a.a
• Anchors proteins to membrane
• Mediates protein-protein interaction
• See page 403 Fig 12-29.

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Fatty Acylated Proteins
Oct 22, 2007

• Two fatty acids are known to be covalently
  linked to eukaryotic proteins (Voet-Voet, 403)
• 1. Myristic acid, 2. Palmitic acid
• Function Anchors protein to membrane, targets it
  to membrane, targeted to cytoplasmic face

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Glycoinsitolphosphatidylinositol (GPI)
Oct 22, 2007

• Anchors protein to exterior surface of eukaryotic
  membrane
• Enzymes
• Receptors
• Immune system proteins
• Antigen

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Enantiomers
Oct 23, 2007
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Enantiomers
Oct 23, 2007

• Beta-D-fructose

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Oct 23, 2007
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Figure 12-20 plasma membrane
Oct 23, 2007
Page 396
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Figure 12-29 Prenylated proteins
Oct 23, 2007
Page 403
19
Oct 23, 2007
Nishii et al (1997) JBC
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Figure 12-18 integral membrane protein
Oct 23, 2007
Page 395
21
Figure 12-21Integral protein
Oct 23, 2007
Page 397
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Figure 12-25a bacteriorhodopsin.
Oct 23, 2007
Page 399
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Figure 12-19 detergents
Oct 23, 2007
Page 395
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Figure 12-71 LDL
Oct 23, 2007
Page 440
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Lipoproteins
Oct 23, 2007

• Chylomicron
• VLDL-Very Low Density Lipoprotein
• IDL-Intermediate Density Lipoprotein
• LDL-Low Density Lipoprotein
• HDL-High Density Lipoprotein

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Atherosclerosis
Oct 23, 2007

• What is it?
• Hardening of the Arteries.
• Characterized by Atheromas.
• Progressive disease

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Oct 23, 2007
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Enzymes Introduction, Rates of Reactions
Oct 24, 2007

• Oct. 24, 2007

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Oct 24, 2007
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Intro to Enzymes
Oct 24, 2007

• What is an enzyme?
• Properties
• Classes (Nomenclature)
• Coenzymes

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What are Enzymes?
Oct 24, 2007

• Proteins (sometimes RNA)
• Catalyze metabolic rxns
• For example
• 6CO2 6H2O ---gt C6H12O6 6O2(g).
• Living systems use enzymes to accelerate and
  control the rates of vitally important rxns

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More examples
Oct 24, 2007

• Catalase
• 2H2O2 -gt 2H2O O2
• Carbonic anhydrase
• CO2 H2O lt-gt H HCO3-

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Properties of Enzymes
Oct 24, 2007

• Higher rxn rates
• Milder rxn conditions
• Greater rxn specificity
• Capacity for regulation

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Oct 24, 2007
35
Oct 24, 2007
Page 460
Figure 13-1 An enzymesubstrate complex
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Classes of Enzymes
Oct 24, 2007

• Oxidoreductases---
• Transferases--
• Hydrolases--
• Lyases--
• Isomerases--
• Ligases--

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Oct 24, 2007
O
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Oct 24, 2007
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Invertase
Oct 24, 2007
40
Glucose isomerase
Oct 24, 2007
Alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate Beta-D-fructose
6-phosphate
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More notes
Oct 24, 2007

• Enzymes may work with cofactors
• Cofactors can be
• Inorganic ions (Fe2, Mg2, Mn2, Zn2)
• Coenzymes (organic or metallorganic molecule)
• Once cofactor binds, it is considered a
  prosthetic group.
• Once the enz is with a cofactor, the whole thing
  is considered holoenzyme.
• The enz alone is called an apoenzyme or
  apoprotein.
• Flud Mosaic Model
• Plasma membrane is dynamic. 2 ways of diffusion
• Lateral diffusion movement on same side of
  membrane
• Transverse diffusion (flip-flop) - movement to
  opposite side of membrane. Very rare.

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Oct 26, 2007
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Oct 26, 2007
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Oct 26, 2007
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Oct 26, 2007
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• Oct 22 lecture by Gursharon Nijjar -
  Cheryan1224_at_hotmail.com section 1A
• Oct 23 lecture by Nazanin Lavaee -
  nazanin162001_at_yahoo.com section 2D
• Oct 24 lecture by Aria Asghari
  ariaasghari_at_gmail.com
• Section 2F
• Oct 26 lecture by Ivan Gonzalez -
  ivanchurro_at_gmail.com section 1I