Mastitis

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Mastitis

• Inflammation of the mammary gland
• infection or injury
• Important
• reduced milk yield
• increased culling
• treatment cost un-salable milk
• lower milk quality

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Mastitis

• Clinical
• acute or chronic
• abnormal milk, udder /or cow appearance
• Subclinical
• can not detect by appearance
• somatic cells - epithelial cells leukocytes

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Milk Yield and SCC
Lact. Ave. Lact. Ave. Difference in yield
(305d) SCS SCC (1000/ml) Lact. 1 Lact. gt1
0 12.5 - - 1 25 - - 2 50 - - 3 100
-200 -400 4 200 -400 -800 5 400 -600 -120
0 6 800 -800 -1600 7 1600 -1000 -2000
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Mastitis

• Contagious bacteria
• Staphylococcus aureus
• Streptococcus agalactiae
• Corynebacterium bovis

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Mastitis

• Environmental bacteria
• Escherichia coli
• Klebsiella species
• Citrobacter species
• Enterobacter species
• Streptococcus uberis, dysgalactiae, equinus,
  many others
• Enterococcus faecalis faecium

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Mastitis

• Other mastitis pathogens
• Coagulase neg. staphylococci
• Pseudomonads
• Yeasts
• Mycoplasma species

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Likelihood of New Infection

• Intensity of teat end exposure to pathogens
  (pathogen load)
• Likelihood of pathogens gaining entry to mammary
  gland
• Ability of pathogens to grow in mammary gland
  survive host defense systems

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Liner slip Mastitis
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Air - when liner slips
Droplet Impacts
Impacts
Air
Air
Air
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Correlations between Udder Morphology Liner
Slips
Characteristic Correlation
Front udder height -.23 Rear udder
height -.28 Udder levelness .25 Front
teat distance - before milking .44 Rear teat
distance - before milking .34
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Milking Speed Mastitis (Phenotypic Relationship)
Likelihood of Mastitis
Slow Average flow rate Fast
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Rates of New Infection by Stage of Lactation
Rates of New Infection
Immune suppression
Dry Calving Lactation Dry off
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Why New Infections Near Calving?

• Physiological stress associated with parturition
• Reduced concentration of nonspecific immune
  factors in secretions
• Edema leaking of milk
• Components of colostrum that interfere with
  leukocyte function

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Why New Infections at Beginning of Dry Period?

• Flushing of teat ducts is terminated
• Increased udder pressure leakage of milk
• Teat dipping cleaning stopped
• Phagocyte function (immune cells) is impaired

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Why Few New Infections During Middle of Dry
Period?

• Low stress
• Decreased intramammary pressure
• Keratin plug
• Increased leukocyte concentration
• Increased concentrations of nonspecific immune
  factors (lactoferrin)

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Exposure to Pathogens

• Contagious pathogens
• Reservoir - infected glands
• Milking equipment, hands, hygiene practices, teat
  conditions
• Environmental pathogens
• Exposure to teat surface is mostly between
  milkings

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Detection Diagnosis of Mastitis

• Herd level
• SCC
• Conductivity
• Bulk tank cultures
• Herd cultures

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Detection Diagnosis of Mastitis

• Cow level
• Physical examination
• Appearance of milk
• California mastitis test (CMT)
• SCC
• Conductivity
• Antibody tests (Staph. Aureus)
• Individual cow/quarter cultures

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Mastitis Causing Pathogens
infected udder
Test tube to aseptically collect samples
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Mastitis Causing Pathogens
Possible infected udder
2 to 3 streams of foremilk
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Mastitis Causing Pathogens
.1 ml sample is drawn
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Changes in Milk Composition Associated with
Increased SCC
Constituent Normal milk High SCC milk
SNF 8.9 8.8 Fat 3.5 3.2 Lactose 4.9
4.4 Total protein 3.6 3.6 Total
casein 2.8 2.3 Whey protein .8 1.3
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Changes in Milk Composition Associated with
Increased SCC
Constituent Normal milk High SCC milk
Serum albumin .02 .07 Lactoferrin .02 .10 I
mmunoglobulins .10 .60 Sodium .057 .105 Ch
loride .091 .147 Potassium .173 .157 Calci
um .12 .04
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Control of Mastitis

• Premilking preparation
• Cleaning drying teats
• Limit water dry - use indiv. towel
• Predipping
• Can help with environmental mastitis
• Methods?
• Hazards?

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Control of Mastitis

• Teat dipping (post milking)
• Contagious pathogens mostly (50 reduction in new
  infections)
• Tested products only (Iodine or Chlorine based)
• Barrier dips
• Hazards/problems?
• Application methods?

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Teat Dipping Techniques
Spraying
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Teat Dipping Techniques
Spraying
Side spray does NOT cover all of teat touched by
liner!!
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Teat Dipping Techniques
Spraying
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Teat Dipping Techniques
Spraying
Be sure to cover all the teat touched by the
liner!!
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Teat Dipping Techniques
Cup Dipping
Be sure to cover all the teat touched by the
liner!!
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Control of Mastitis

• Dry cow therapy
• Treat all cows/quarters
• Cures existing infections
• Decreases new infections at drying off (Strep.
  Ag. - not E. coli.)
• Does not impact new infections at calving
• Hazards/problems?
• Application methods?

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Partial Insertion
Long cannula
Short cannula
Do NOT insert long cannula all the way into the
teat -will cause damage to keratin
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Insert cannula just through the streak canal
-further insertion may damage keratin
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Control of Mastitis

• Segregation
• Sick cows separate milk last
• Select replacements carefully
• Bedding
• Clean dry
• Inorganic if possible
• Stall design housing
• Bedded packs are a problem

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Control of Mastitis

• Nutrition
• Vitamins (E is critical)
• Selenium (recommend .3 ppm)
• Keep cows standing after milking
• Feeding?

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Control of Mastitis

• Vaccination
• Stimulate antibodies against mastitis
• Problem - many strains
• Coliform - J5 vaccines
• Reduces number of clinical events severity (not
  fewer infections)
• Other vaccines (Staph. Aureus)

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Mastitis Therapy

• Antibiotics
• 10-12 over the counter drugs
• 5-6 prescription drugs
• Extra-label use (need Rx)
• Careful with residues (withdrawl)
• Intramammary infusion or under skin

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Mastitis Therapy - When How to Use

• Subclinical mastitis (SCC or conductivity)?
• Clinical mastitis
• Know pathogens involved - critical
• Historical record is critical to success
• Severity is important

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Mastitis Therapy - When How to Use

• Coliform mastitis
• Acute or peracute - vet or intense treatment
  including fluid anti-inflammatory
• Mild to moderate - oxytocin milking
• Antibiotic therapy - not indicated
• Problems/issues?

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Mastitis Therapy - When How to Use

• Staph. aureus
• Antibiotic therapy - try initially
• Problems/issues?
• Strep. agalactiae
• Antibiotic therapy - usually works
• Problems/issues?

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Mastitis Therapy - When How to Use

• Strep. other than Strep. agalactiae
• Antibiotic therapy - usually indicated
• Problems/issues?
• Other species?

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Heifer Mastitis

• More prevalent than most people think
• gt50 of quarters infected
• Coag. neg. staph.
• Strep. other than Strep. Agalactiae
• Staph. Aureus
• Antibiotic therapy before calving?

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No. Klebsiella Bacteria per ml of Bedding
100K 10K 1K 100
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No. Coliform Bacteria per ml of Bedding
10m 1m 100K 10K 100
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Mastitis Causing Pathogens
Sample is smeared on a blood agar plate
Blood agar plate
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Mastitis Causing Pathogens
Mastitis-causing bacteria colonies
Blood agar plate 1 per quarter
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Mastitis Causing Pathogens
Streptococcus
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Mastitis Causing Pathogens
Staphylococcus Aureus
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Mastitis Causing Pathogens
Coliforms, and other gram negative organisms
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Control of Mastitis

• Backflushing
• Contagious pathogens
• Necessary?

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Teat Dipping Techniques
Spraying
Be sure to cover all the teat touched by the
liner!!
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Teat Dipping Techniques
Spraying
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Teat Dipping Techniques
Spraying
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Teat Dipping Techniques
Cup Dipping
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Teat Dipping Techniques
Cup Dipping
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Teat Dipping Techniques
Cup Dipping
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Teat Dipping Techniques
Cup Dipping
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Teat Dipping Techniques
Cup Dipping
Be sure to cover all the teat touched by the
liner!!
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Sphincter muscle
Streak canal
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Detacher Setting Flow Rates Left Over Milk
Left Over Milk in lbs.