Electric cars: part of the problem or a solution for future grids

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Electric cars part of the problem or a solution
for future grids?

• Frans Nieuwenhout, Energy research Centre of the
  Netherlands ECN
• Sustainable Development a challenge for European
  research, Conference, Brussels, 26-28 May 2009

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Table of contents

• Introduction
• Electric cars and network infrastructure
• Active control of battery recharging
• Electric cars and the electricity system
• Some other issues
• Conclusion

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IntroductionOur future car PHEV, EV or HFCV?
ICE
E-motor
FC
ICE internal combustion engine FC fuel cell
HEV hybrid-electric vehicle PHEV plug-in
hybrid-electric vehicle EV electric vehicle
HFCV hydrogen fuel cell vehicle
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IntroductionContribution to the H2 electricity
debate

• This presentation will not
• Discuss which car-fuel combination is more
  sustainable
• Which type of car wins the competition
• But will discuss the consequences of the PHEV and
  EV introduction on the electricity infrastructure

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IntroductionElectricity system and network
infrastructure
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Electric cars and the network infrastructure
MV grid
Distribution station
LV grid
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Electric cars and the network infrastructureBatte
ry recharging

• Battery recharging options
• At home or a parking place
• Slow charging (16A) 1-3 kW (230 V) up to 9 kW
  (400V)
• Fast charging (40A) 9 kW (230 V) up to 27 kW
  (400V)
• At a filling station fast charging and battery
  exchange
• Charging duration
• EV 40 kWh battery 200 km driving range _at_ 160
  Wh/km
• Slow 6,7-40 hours
• Fast 2,5-4,5 hours
• PHEV 9 kWh battery 50 km driving range _at_ 120
  Wh/km
• Slow 4,5-9 hours
• Fast 0,5-1 hours
• Partial discharge (70-80) due to lifetime
  considerations

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Electric cars and the network infrastructureAvail
able network capacity (I)
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Electric cars and the network infrastructureAvail
able network capacity (II)
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Electric cars and the network infrastructureAvail
able network capacity (III)
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Electric cars and the network infrastructureAvail
able network capacity (IV)
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Electric cars and the network infrastructureAvail
able network capacity (V)
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Active controlHow to control recharging? (I)

• What should be known?
• State of charge, i.e. how empty is the battery?
• Charging power (kW), i.e. slow or fast charging
• The drivers preference, i.e. when should the
  battery be fully recharged (within 1 hour, 4
  hours, 8 hours etc.)

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Example electric cars and the electricity system
in NetherlandsWhat happens with 1 million
electric cars (II)?

• 1 million electric cars
• 20,000 km/year for each electric car
• 5 km/kWh
• 4000 kWh/year per car
• 1 million x 4000 x 1.1 4,400,000,000 kWh 4.4
  TWh
• Dutch electricity consumption in 2008 123 TWh

1 million electric cars will increase Dutch
electricity demand with 3.6
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Electric cars and the electricity systemWhat
happens with 1000,000 PHEVs or EVs? (II)
Day with highest system peak load in 2005 and 2006
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Electric cars and the electricity system
Electric cars can help to keep the energy balance
Conventional supply follows demand Extra peak
and reserve capacity
Conventional supply follows demand
Intelligent demand and supply management results
in less required extra peak and reserve capacity
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Electric cars and the electricity system
Intelligent demand and supply management
APX Day-ahead electricity prices 2006
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Electric cars and the electricity system
Combined optimization
Comparable to local marginal pricing (LMP)
Constrained network Local market operated
within network capacity limits
No network constrain Energy management using
market price
www.integral-eu.com
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Electric cars and the electricity system
Distributed storage
PHEV Prius storage capacity 9 kWh 2,2 million
PHEV 20 GWh
Tesla EV storage capacity 60 kWh 0,33 million EV
20 GWh
Controlled charging of PHEVs and EVs and other
demand response can take care of fluctuating
electricity supply
Energy Island 20 GWh
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Some other issuesRecharging poles

• At home and in the street
• Cities try to stimulate EV with public recharging
  poles
• Who owns the recharging poles network company or
  retailer?

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Some other issuesVehicle to Grid (V2G)
MV grid
Distribution station
LV grid

• V2G
• to stabilize the network
• in case of emergencies

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Conclusions

• Electricity system and network infrastructure can
  handle large numbers of electric cars only if
  controlled charging is applied
• Controlled charging of large numbers of electric
  cars can help to handle supply peaks caused by
  wind and solar energy

Thank you!