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Anatomy

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Title: Anatomy


1
Anatomy
  • Sabino Sports Medicine

2
What is Anatomical Position?
  • The position the body is in when referencing
    relationships of the anatomical structures

3
Anatomical Position
4
Planes of Motion
  • Bodys movements are around 3 planes of motion
  • Frontal
  • Divides body into front back
  • Transverse
  • Divides body into top bottom
  • Sagittal
  • Divides body into right left

5
Planes of Motion
6
Terms of Location
  • When referencing location relationships between
    anatomical structures, use the following terms

7
Terms of location
  • Anterior/Posterior
  • Towards the front of body /towards the back
  • Medial/Lateral
  • Nearer the midline/center of body/away from
    midline
  • Superior/Inferior
  • Nearer the head/nearer the feet

8
Terms of Location
  • Proximal/Distal
  • Used only in reference to the extremities
  • Closer to the trunk/farther away from the trunk
  • Palmar/Dorsal
  • On the palm of hand/on the back of hand
  • Plantar/Dorsal
  • On the sole of foot/on the top of foot
  • Cranial/Caudal
  • Towards the head/towards the feet

9
Movements of body
  • Flexion/Extension
  • Moving the body parts closer together
  • Moving body part back to normal position
  • Abduction/Adduction
  • Moving body part away from midline
  • Moving body part towards the midline
  • Internal/External Rotation
  • Rotating body part away
  • Rotating body part back towards body

10
Movements of Body
  • Protraction/Retraction
  • Moving the scapulae towards the spine
  • Moving the scapulae away from the spine
  • Lateral/Transverse Flexion/Extension
  • Moving the arm across the chest/body
  • Side bending of the trunk
  • Pronation/Supination
  • Moving the forearm so the palm is down
  • Moving the forearm so the palm is up

11
Movements of the Body
  • Plantar Flexion/Dorsiflexion
  • Pointing the toes/going up on your toes
  • Pulling the toes towards you shin
  • Inversion/Eversion
  • The sole/plantar surface of the foot in facing
    the midline of body
  • The sole of foot is facing away from the midline
    of the body

12
Movements of body
  • Circumduction
  • Moving the arm/leg in a circle (CW or CCW) using
    a combination of movements
  • Rotation
  • Moving head/trunk from side to side (as if there
    is a stick down through the midline of the body)

13
Movements
14
Movements
15
Movements
16
Body Tissues
  • Skin
  • Bone
  • Muscles
  • Tendons
  • Ligaments
  • Cartilage

17
Body tissues
18
Body Tissues
19
Body Tissues
20
Body tissues
21
Body systems
  • Integumentary
  • The skin
  • Skeletal
  • System that supports us and gives us shape
  • Muscular
  • The muscles of the bodylargest system

22
Body systems
  • Nervous
  • The master controlling and communicating system
    of body
  • Cardiovascular
  • Pumps blood through body

23
Body Systems
  • Respiratory
  • System that supplies body with oxygen
  • Endocrine
  • Controls body through use of hormones to
    stimulate metabolic activities of cells
  • Reproductive
  • System that allows for the continuation of the
    human species

24
Body Systems
  • Digestive
  • Provides bodys means for transforming food into
    energy
  • Immune
  • Bodys main defense against all foreign
    substances
  • Excretory
  • Urinary system filters out waste and purifies
    blood

25
Integumentary system
  • Protection against bacteria, dirt, insects,
    trauma, etc.
  • Keeps fluids inside body
  • Picks up sensations
  • Secretes oily substance
  • Can expand to accommodate increase in girth

26
Skeletal system
  • Bones and hyaline cartilage
  • Protects internal organs
  • Gives structure and supporta
  • Acted on by muscles to create movement
  • Metabolically active to form RBCs and store
    minerals

27
Skeleton
  • 206 bones
  • Skeleton divided into 2 parts
  • 4 types of bones

28
Parts of skeleton
  • Axial
  • Skull, thorax, vertebral column,pelvis
  • Appendicular
  • Extremities

29
Skeleton
30
Types of bones
  • Long
  • Short
  • Flat
  • Irregular

31
Long and short bones
32
Flat bone
33
Irregular bone
34
Cartilage
  • Hyaline
  • Covers the ends of bones
  • Fibrocartilage
  • Found in joints between bones
  • Functions
  • Shock absorption, allows for smooth movement of
    bone on bone, protects the joint structures

35
Muscles
  • Contract to produce movement of the body
  • Allows body to
  • Accelerate
  • Decelerate
  • Stop movement
  • Maintain normal postural alignment
  • Produce heat

36
Tendons
  • Tough inelastic band of connective tissue
  • Transmits the force of the muscle contraction to
    a bone

37
Ligaments
  • Composed of connective tissue that contains both
    collagen and elastic fibers
  • Elastic fibers allow for limited stretching
  • Surround joints bind them together
    strengthening and stabilizing the joint
  • Movement is permitted only in certain directions

38
Types of joints
  • Synovial or Diarthroses
  • hinge, pivot, saddle, ball socket
  • Cartilaginous or Amphiarthroses
  • Symphyses (fibrocartilage)
  • Fibrous or Synarthroses
  • Sutures, Syndesmoses

39
Diarthroses/Synovial joint
  • 2 bones whose articular surfaces are covered w/
    hyaline cartilage
  • Joint space enclosed by a joint capsule,
    reinforced by named ligaments
  • Synovial membrane lines joints
  • Secretes synovial fluid which fills joint space,
    lubricates joint and nourishes articular cartilage

40
Amphiarthroses/Cartilaginous
  • The bony surfaces are connected by
  • Broad flattened disks of fibrocartilage
  • Hyaline growth cartilages
  • Cartilage directly unites one bony structure to
    another
  • Pubic symphysis
  • Vertebral bodies

41
Synarthroses or Fibrous
  • Joint that is immovable
  • Connected by solid connective tissue
  • Bones are joined by fibrous connective tissue
    forming an interosseus membrane or ligament
  • Anterior posterior ligaments in the radioulnar
    and tibiofibular joints

42
Synarthroses
  • Syndesmoses

43
Bones of the foot
  • 14 phalanges
  • 1-5, proximal, middle, distal
  • 2 sesamoid bones (found on plantar surface)
  • 5 metatarsals
  • 1-5
  • 7 tarsals
  • Talus, calcaneus, navicular, cuboid, medial,
    middel and lateral cunieforms

44
Bones of foot
45
Bones of foot
46
Sesamoid bones
47
Sesamoid bones
48
Bones of leg
  • Tibia (shin bone)
  • Main weight bearing bone of low leg medial side
  • Medial malleolus
  • Tibial tuberosity
  • Tibial plateau
  • Fibula
  • Non weight bearing on lateral side
  • Lateral malleolus
  • Head of fibula

49
Bones of leg
  • Patella (knee cap)
  • Sesamoid bone
  • Base
  • Distal pole
  • Femur (thigh bone)
  • Biggest bone in body
  • Medial lateral condyles epicondyles,
    pateallar groove, intertrochanteric notch, shaft,
    greater lesser trochanters, head, neck,

50
Bones of leg
51
Tibia fibula
52
Tibia fibula
53
Patella
54
Femur
55
Femur
56
Pelvis or Innominate
  • Ilium (anteior)
  • ASIS, AIIS, PSIS, iliac crest
  • Ischium (posterior)
  • Ischial tuberosity
  • Pubis (medial)
  • Pubic symphysis
  • Acetabulum
  • Hip joint socket

57
Pelvis
58
Pelvis
59
Pelvis
60
Vertebral Column (spine)
  • Cervical 7
  • Atlas, axis
  • Thoracic 12
  • Lumbar 5
  • Sacrum 5 Fused
  • Coccyx 4 Fused

61
Vertebral column
62
Vertebral column
  • Spinous process
  • Transverse process
  • Body
  • Vertebral foramen
  • Facets

63
Part of the vertebrae
64
Hyoid
  • Only bone in body that does not connect to any
    other bone
  • Assists in swallowing
  • Found at level of C3-C4

65
Sternum
  • Manubrium
  • Body
  • Xiphoid process

66
Ribs
  • 12 pairs connect the vertebral column to the
    sternum
  • Joined by cartilage
  • Pairs 1-7 sternal (true) ribs
  • Pairs 8-10false ribs w/ cartilage joining each
    rib together with the 7th rib
  • Pairs 11-12floating ribs

67
Ribs
68
Scapula
  • Acromion process
  • Coracoid process
  • Glenoid fossa
  • Vertebral border
  • Lateral border
  • Inferior angle

69
Scapula
  • Spine of scapula
  • Supraspinous fossa
  • Infraspinous fossa
  • Subscapular fossa

70
Scapula
71
Scapula
72
Scapula
73
Clavicle
  • Collarbone
  • The only connection between the appendicular and
    axial skeleton
  • Sternal end
  • Distal end

74
Clavicle
75
Arm
  • Humerus
  • Bone of upper arm or just arm
  • Radius
  • Bone on lateral (thumb or radial) side of
    forearm
  • Ulna
  • Bone on medial (little finger or ulnar) side of
    forearm

76
Humerus
  • Head
  • Neck
  • Bicipital groove
  • Greater lesser tuberosity
  • Deltoid tuberosity
  • Capitulum
  • Trochlea
  • Olecranon fossa
  • Medial lateral epicondyles

77
Humerus
78
Radius
  • Radial head
  • Styloid process
  • Radial Tuberosity

79
Ulna
  • Olecranon process
  • Trochlear notch
  • Radial notch
  • Styloid process

80
Carpals
  • Bones of wrist
  • 2 rows
  • Proximal
  • Lateral to medial---scaphoid, lunate, triquetral,
    pisiform
  • Distal
  • Lateral to medialtrapezium, trapezoid, capitate,
    hamate

81
Carpals
82
Metacarpal Phalanges
  • 5 metacarpals1-5 beginning with thumb
  • 14 phalangesproximal, middle, distal
  • 1st phalange does not have a middle one

83
Metacarpals phalanges
84
Skull
  • Frontal (1)
  • Occipital (1)
  • Parietal (2)
  • Temporal (2)
  • Nasal (2)
  • Zygoma (2)
  • Ethmoid (2)
  • Sphenoid
  • Maxilla
  • Mandible

85
Skull
86
Skull
87
Skull
88
Muscular System
  • Muscles
  • Contract to produce movement
  • Accelerate
  • Decelerate
  • Stop movement
  • Maintain normal postural alignment
  • Produce heat

89
Muscular system
  • Tendons
  • Connect muscles to bones
  • Transmit force that muscles exert
  • Ligaments
  • Connect bone to bone
  • Form joints

90
Muscular System
91
Muscles of the Lower extremity
  • Several small muscles of foot
  • Extensor Digitorum Brevis (EDB)
  • Extends toes 2-4

92
Muscles of the leg
  • 4 compartments of the leg
  • Anterior
  • Lateral
  • Superficial Posterior
  • Deep Posterior

93
Anterior Compartment
  • Tibialis Anterior
  • Dorsiflexion, inversion
  • Extensor Digitorum Longus
  • Dorsiflexion, extension of toes 2-5
  • Extensor Hallicus Longus
  • Dorsiflexion, extension of great toe

94
Anterior compartment of leg
95
Tibialis Anterior
96
Extensor Digitorum Longus
97
Extensor Hallicus Longus
98
Lateral compartment
  • Peroneus Longus (Fibularis Longus)
  • Eversion, dorsiflexion
  • Peroneus Brevis (Fibularis Brevis)
  • Eversion, some dorsiflexion

99
Lateral Compartment
100
Superficial Posterior Compartment
  • Gastrocnemius
  • Crosses knee ankle joints
  • Plantar flexion, knee flexion
  • Soleus
  • Plantar flexion
  • Plantaris
  • Small little muscle w/ long tendon on lateral
    side
  • Plantar flexion, knee flexion

101
Superficial Posterior Compartment
102
Superficial Posterior Compartment
103
Deep Posterior Compartment
  • Tibialis posterior
  • Plantar flexion, inversion
  • Flexor Digitorum Longus
  • Plantar flexion, flexion of toes 2-5
  • Flexor Hallicus Longus
  • Plantar flexion, flexion of great toe

104
Deep Posterior Compartment
105
Tibialis Posterior
106
Flexor Digitorum Longus
107
Flexor Hallicus Longus
108
Posterior compartment
109
Muscles of thigh
  • Quadriceps
  • Hamstrings
  • Adductors
  • Abductors
  • Miscellaneous

110
Quadriceps
  • 4 muscles
  • One attaches on ilium (AIIS)
  • 3 attach on the femur (2 of them posterior)
  • All insert at the patella, encasing it and
    forming the patellar tendon which attaches on the
    tibial tuberosity

111
Quadriceps
112
Quadriceps
  • Rectus Femoris
  • Most superficial, crosses hip and knee joints
  • Knee extension, hip flexion
  • Vastus Lateralis
  • Knee Extension
  • Vastus Medialis
  • Knee extension
  • Vastus Intermedius
  • Knee extension

113
Rectus Femoris
114
Vastus Medialis
115
Vastus Lateralis
116
Vastus Intermedius
117
Hamstrings
  • 3 muscles
  • Attach on the ischial tuberosity of the ischium
  • One inserts on fibula
  • 2 insert on tibia

118
Hamstrings
  • Biceps femoris (lateral w/ 2 heads)
  • Semimembranosus (middle with more membrane)
  • Semitendinosus (medial with more tendon)
  • All 3 do hip extension, knee flexion

119
Hamstrings
120
Biceps femoris
121
Semimembranosus
122
Semitendinosus
123
Hamstrings
124
Adductors
  • All attach on the pelvis and the femur more
    medially
  • Gracilis (thank you muscle)
  • Adductor Magnus
  • Adductor longus
  • Adductor Brevis
  • Pectineus
  • All do adduction of hip, some hip flexion,
    gracilis does knee flexion as well

125
Adductors
126
Adductors
127
Adductors
128
Abductors
  • Gluteus Medius
  • Abduction, external rotation
  • Gluteus Minimus
  • Abduction, internal rotation

129
Gluteus Medius and Minimus
130
Gluteus Medius
131
Gluteus Minimus
132
Miscellaneous Muscles
  • Sartorius
  • Attaches on ASIS and tibia
  • Hip flexion, knee flexion, external rotation of
    hip
  • Tensor Fascia Latae
  • Internal rotation of hip
  • Gluteus Maximus
  • Hip extension, external rotation

133
Miscellaneous muscles
  • Piriformis
  • External rotation
  • Iliopsoas
  • iliacus psoas major
  • Hip flexion

134
Sartorius
135
Tensor Fasciae Latae
136
Gluteus Maximus
137
Gluteus Maximus
138
Gluteal Muscles
139
Piriformis
140
Piriformis
141
Iliopsoas
142
Iliopsoas
143
Other structures
  • Iliotibial Band
  • Pes Anserine
  • Made up of tedons from the Gracilis, Sartorius,
    semitendinosus
  • gooses foot

144
Iliotibial Band
145
Pes Anserine
146
Muscles of the Anterior Trunk
  • Abdominal muscles
  • Rectus abdominus6-pack
  • Trunk flexion
  • External Obliques
  • Trunk flexion/rotation/sidebend
  • Internal Obliques
  • Trunk flexion/rotation/sidebend
  • Transverse abdominus
  • Hold internal organs in place, trunk flexion

147
Abdominal muscles
148
Abs
149
Abs
150
Muscles of Posterior Trunk
  • Erector Spinae
  • Iliocostalis
  • Longissimus
  • Spinalis
  • Multifidis
  • Rotators
  • Long short
  • All do trunk extension and some rotation

151
Muscles of the back
152
Erector Spinae
153
Erector Spinae
154
Erector Spinae
155
Multifidis
156
Muscles of the Shoulder
  • Sternomastoid (sternocleidomastoid)
  • Attaches sternum clavicle to mastoid process
  • Neck flexion, rotation to same side
  • Pectoralis Major
  • Attaches from sternum to humerus
  • Adduction of shoulder, horizontal flexion
  • Pectoralis minor
  • Attaches ribs 3-5 to coracoid process
  • Shoulder depression

157
Sternomastoid
158
Pectoralis Major Minor
159
Muscles of the Shoulder
  • Trapezius
  • Attach from skull to 12T vertebrae to clavicle,
    spine of scapula acromion process
  • Shoulder (scapular) elevation, retraction,
    depression
  • Rhomboid Major Minor
  • Attach from lower cervical/upper thoracic
    vertebrae to medial border of scapula
  • Shoulder retraction

160
Trapezius
161
Rhomboid Major Minor
162
Muscles of the Shoulder
  • Latissimus Dorsi
  • Attach from lower 6 thoracic, lumbar and sacral
    vertebrae to humerus
  • Shoulder extension, adduction, internal rotation
  • Serratus Anterior
  • Attaches upper 8 ribs runs back to attach on
    medial (vertebral) border of scapula
  • Shoulder (scapular) retraction

163
Latissimus Dorsi
164
Serratus Anterior
165
Serratus Anterior
166
Serratus Anterior Rhomboids
167
Muscles of the Shoulder
  • Deltoid
  • Attaches to the clavicle, spine of scapula,
    acromion goes to the deltoid tuberosity on
    lateral aspect of humerus
  • Shoulder abduction, some flexion, extension

168
Deltoid
169
Muscles of shoulder
  • Rotator cuff muscles
  • SITS
  • Supraspinatus
  • Infraspinatus
  • Teres minor
  • Subscapularis

170
SITS muscles
  • Supraspinatus
  • External rotator attaches on supraspinous fossa
    greater tuberosity
  • Infraspinatus
  • External rotator attaches on infraspinous fossa
    greater tuberosity
  • Teres minor
  • External rotator attaches on lateral border of
    scapula greater tuberosity
  • Subscapularis
  • Internal rotator attaches on the subscapular
    fossa to the lesser tubersoity

171
Rotator Cuff Muscles
172
Rotator Cuff Muscles Muscles
173
Rotator Cuff
174
Muscles of the shoulder
  • Teres major
  • Internal rotator
  • Attaches from the inferior angle of scapula to
    lesser tuberosity

175
Teres Major
176
Muscles of the Arm
  • Biceps Brachii
  • 2 heads, short arises on coracoid process, long
    on the glenoid fossa attach on radial
    tuberosity
  • Shoulder flexion, elbow flexion, supination
  • Corobrachialis
  • Coracoid process to mid humerus
  • Shoulder flexion
  • Brachialis
  • Arises from lower half of humerus to ulnar
    tuberosity
  • Elbow flexion

177
Biceps brachii
178
Coracobrachialis
179
Brachialis
180
(No Transcript)
181
Brachioradialis
  • Comes off the lower 1/3 of hunerus
  • Attaches to the radial styloid process
  • Flexes elbow

182
Brachioradialis
183
Triceps Brachii
  • Has 3 heads-long, lateral, medial
  • Comes off the lateral part of glenoid fossa, the
    posterior lateral part of humerus
  • Attaches on the olecranon fossa
  • Elbow extension, some shoulder flexion

184
Triceps Brachii
185
Forearm Flexors
  • Several muscles
  • Found on anterior aspect of forearm
  • Attach on the medial epicondyle of humerus
  • Inserts on carpals, metacarpals phalanges
  • Flexes elbow, wrist, fingers

186
Forearm flexors
  • Flexor carpi radialis
  • Flexor carpi ulnaris
  • Palmaris longus
  • Pronator teres
  • Flexor digitorum superficialis
  • Flexor digitorum profundus

187
Forearm Flexors
188
Flexors of fingers
  • Flexor digitorum superficialis attaches to the
    middle phalange
  • Flexor digitorum profundus attaches to distal
    phalange
  • Superficialis splits profundus goes through
    that split

189
Forearm Extensors
  • Several muscles
  • Found on posterior aspect of forearm
  • Attach on the lateral epicondyle of the humerus
  • Inserts on the carpals, metacarpals phalanges
  • Flexes elbow, extends wrist fingers

190
Forearm extensors
  • Extensor carpi radialis longus
  • Extensor carpi radialis brevis
  • Extensor carpi ulnaris
  • Extensor digitorum
  • Supinator

191
Forearm Extensors
192
Joints motions of the body
  • Neck
  • Flexion, Extension Rotation, Lateral Flexion
    (side bend)
  • Trunk
  • Flexion, Extension, Rotation, Lateral flexion
    (Side bend)
  • Shoulder
  • Flexion, Extension, Internal External
    rotation, Abduction Adduction,
    Horizontal/Transverse flexion, circumduction

193
Joints and motions
  • Elbow
  • Flexion, Extension
  • Wrist
  • Flexion, Extension, Radial Deviation (abduction),
    Ulnar deviation (Adduction)
  • Forearm (Radioulnar joint)
  • Pronation, Supination

194
Joints and Motions
  • Metacarpalphalangeal (MP)
  • Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction
  • Interphalangeal (PIP DIP)
  • Flexion, Extension

195
Joints motions
  • Hip
  • Flexion, Extension, Internal external Rotation,
    Abduction, Adduction, Circumduction
  • Knee
  • Flexion, Extension
  • Ankle (and subtalar joint)
  • Plantar flexion, dorsiflexion, inversion, eversion

196
Joints and motions
  • Metatarsalphalangeal (MP)
  • Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction
  • Interphalangeal (PIP DIP)
  • Flexion, Extension
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