Leonardo's Laptop: Human Needs and the New Computing Ben Shneiderman Founding Director 19832000, Hum

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Leonardo's Laptop Human Needs and the New
Computing Ben ShneidermanFounding Director
(1983-2000), Human-Computer Interaction
Laboratory Professor, Department of Computer
ScienceMember, Institutes for Advanced Computer
Studies Systems ResearchUniversity of
Marylandben_at_cs.umd.edu
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Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory
Interdisciplinary research community -
Computer Science Psychology - Information
Studies Education
(www.cs.umd.edu/hcil)
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Scientific Approach (beyond user friendly)

• Specify users and tasks
• Predict and measure
• time to learn
• speed of performance
• rate of human errors
• human retention over time
• Assess subjective satisfaction
  (Questionnaire for User Interface Satisfaction)
• Accommodate individual differences
• Consider social, organizational cultural
  context

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Design Issues

• Input devices strategies
• Keyboards, pointing devices, voice
• Direct manipulation
• Menus, forms, commands
• Output devices formats
• Screens, windows, color, sound
• Text, tables, graphics
• Instructions, messages, help
• Collaboration communities
• Manuals, tutorials, training

www.awl.com/DTUI usableweb.com hcibib.org
useit.com
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Library of Congress

• Scholars, Journalists, Citizens
• Teachers, Students

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Visible Human Explorer (NLM)

• Doctors
• Surgeons
• Researchers
• Students

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NASA Environmental Data

• Scientists
• Farmers
• Land planners
• Students

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Bureau of Census

• Economists, Policy makers, Journalists
• Teachers, Students

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Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)

• Renaissance Man
• Painter
• Inventor
• Visionary
• Mathematician
• Philosopher
• Engineer

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Mona Lisa
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Lady with Ermine Leda with Swan
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Last Supper Fresco
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Remarkable Drawing Skill
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Faces of Old Men
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Anatomical Drawings
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Machine Gun and Giant Crossbow
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Why Leonardo Inspires Us
He integrated - Scientific outlook -
Practical technology - Artistic skill
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Leonardo An Inspirational Muse

• Three lessons
• 1) Human needs drive innovation
• 2) Universal usability
• 3) Creativity support tools

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1) Human needs drive innovation

• Jefferson Life, Liberty the Pursuit of
  Happiness
• Roosevelt Freedom of speech expression,
  religion, from want, from fear
• Maslow Hierarchy of human needs
• Physiological
• Safety
• Love
• Esteem
• Self-Actualization
• Covey Living, Loving, Learning Leaving a
  legacy

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Spectrum of relationships

• Family Friends
• (2-20 close intimates)
•  
• Colleagues Neighbors
• (10-1000 regular encounters)
•  
• Members Residents
• (1000-1,000,000 professionals or city
  residents )
•  
• Citizenry Markets
• (larger communities)
•  

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Range of Activities
Collect Information Relate
Communication Create Innovation
Donate Dissemination
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Periodic table
Activities Collect Relate Create
Donate

• Relationships
• Family Friends
•  
• Colleagues Neighbors
•  
• Members Residents
•  
• Citizenry Markets
•  

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Periodic table
Activities Collect Relate Create
Donate

• Relationships
• Family Friends
•  
• Colleagues Neighbors
•  
• Members Residents
•  
• Citizenry Markets
•  

Skeptics corner - Arent relationships more
complex - Are these useful activities?
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Examples Collecting information
Activities Collect Relate Create
Donate LifeLines InfoDoor
InfoWall WebBush

• Relationships
• Family Friends
•  
• Colleagues Neighbors
•  
• Members Residents
•  
• Citizenry Markets
•  

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Examples Relating to others
Activities Collect Relate Create
Donate

• Relationships
• Family Friends
•  
• Colleagues Neighbors
•  
• Members Residents
•  
• Citizenry Markets
•  

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Examples Creating a future
Activities Collect Relate Create
Donate

• Relationships
• Family Friends
•  
• Colleagues Neighbors
•  
• Members Residents
•  
• Citizenry Markets
•  

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Examples Disseminating Leading
Activities Collect Relate Create
Donate

• Relationships
• Family Friends
•  
• Colleagues Neighbors
•  
• Members Residents
•  
• Citizenry Markets
•  

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Human needs drive innovation
Activities Collect Relate Create
Donate

• Relationships
• Family Friends
•  
• Colleagues Neighbors
•  
• Members Residents
•  
• Citizenry Markets
•  

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2) Universal Usability

• Problem Confusion, frustration, and remorse
  dominate user experiences
• Survey of 6000 users finds 5.1 hours/week wasted
• Incompatible files, interfaces, networks,
  hardware
• Poorly designed websites lacking accessibility
  policy
• Solutions
• Raise user expectations
• Conduct research
• Provide practical tools methods

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2) Universal Usability

• Problem Confusion, frustration, and remorse
  dominate user experiences
• Survey of 6000 users finds 5.1 hours/week wasted
• Incompatible files, interfaces, networks,
  hardware
• Poorly designed websites lacking accessibility
  policy
• Solutions
• Raise user expectations
• Conduct research
• Provide practical tools methods

Skeptics corner - Dumbing down - Lowest
common denominator
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2) Universal Usability

• Problem Confusion, frustration, and remorse
  dominate user experiences
• Survey of 6000 users finds 5.1 hours/week wasted
• Incompatible files, interfaces, networks,
  hardware
• Poorly designed websites lacking accessibility
  policy
• Solutions
• Raise user expectations
• Conduct research
• Provide practical tools methods

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ACM Code of Ethics

• In a fair society, all individuals would have
  equal opportunity to participate
  in, or benefit from, the use of
  computer resources regardless of race,
  sex, religion, age, disability,
  national origin or other such
  similar factors.

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Internet Use by Education - 1998

• Percent of U.S. Households Using the Internet
  Total U.S., Rural, Urban, and Central City Areas

Falling Through the Net Defining the Digital
Divide www.ntia.doc.gov
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Internet Use by Income - 1998

• Percent of U.S. Households Using the Internet
  Total U.S., Rural, Urban, and Central City Areas

Falling Through the Net Defining the Digital
Divide www.ntia.doc.gov
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Research Agenda

• Technology variety Support broad range of
  hardware, software, and network access
• User diversity Accommodate users with
  different skills, knowledge, age, gender,
  disabilities, disabling conditions
  (mobility, injury, noise, sunlight),
  literacy, culture, income, etc.
• Gaps in user knowledge Bridge the gap
  between what users know and what they need to
  know

Communications of the ACM, May 2000
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• Technology variety Support broad range of
  hardware, software, and network access

Device Independence Input keyboard,
speech,... Output visual, auditory,...
Conversion Text-speech Speech-text,...
1 to 100 range in processor speeds 286 486
Pentium
1 to 100 range in screen sizes Palm
devices Laptops Large Desktop or Wall
Display 30,000 480,000
3,840,000 pixels
Software Versions Compatibility File
conversion Multiple platforms
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• User diversity Accommodate different users

Language Culture Western, Eastern,
developing... Personality Introvert vs
extravert Thinking vs feeling Risk aversion
Locus of control Planful vs playful
Disabilities Visual, auditory, motoric,
cognitiveDisabling conditions Mobility,
injury, noise, sunlight
Age Young to old Gender Male or
Female Income Impoverished to wealthy
Skills Computer newbie to hacker Knowledge
Domain novice to expert
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Gaps in User Knowledge - Strategies

• Bridge the gap between what users know and what
  they need to know

Online Learning (evolutionary, phased)
Introductory tutorials Getting started manuals,
Cue cards Walkthroughs/Demos
Minimalist/Active
Design Layered Level-structured
Task-oriented
Training Fade-able scaffolding Training
wheels Minimalist
Online help Context sensitive, tables of
contents, Indexes, Keyword search, FAQs,
Newsgroups, Chat rooms Online communities
Customer service Email Phone Help desks
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3) Creativity Support Tools

• More people, more creative, more of the time
• Revolutionary breakthroughs, paradigm shifts,
  H-creativity
• Evolutionary, normal science, music art,
  creative knowledge work
• Impromptu everyday creativity

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Eight Activities

• 1) Searching browsing digital libraries
• 2) Consulting with peers mentors
• 3) Visualizing data processes
• 4) Thinking by free associations
• 5) Exploring solutions - What if tools
• 6) Composing artifacts performances
• 7) Reviewing replaying session histories
• 8) Disseminating results

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Eight Activities

• 1) Searching browsing digital libraries
• 2) Consulting with peers mentors
• 3) Visualizing data processes
• 4) Thinking by free associations
• 5) Exploring solutions - What if tools
• 6) Composing artifacts performances
• 7) Reviewing replaying session histories
• 8) Disseminating results

Skeptics corner - Tools can limit imagination
- Not everyone wants to be creative -
Creativity can be malicious
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3) Visualizing data processes

• The eye
• the window of the soul,
• is the principal means
• by which the central sense
• can most completely and
• abundantly appreciate
• the infinite works of nature.
• Leonardo da Vinci
• (1452 - 1519)

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Information Visualization Using Vision to Think

• Visual bandwidth is enormous
• Human perceptual skills are remarkable
• Trend, cluster, gap, outlier...
• Color, size, shape, proximity...
• Human image storage is fast and vast
• Opportunities
• Spatial layouts coordination
• Information visualization
• Scientific visualization simulation
• Telepresence augmented reality
• Virtual environments

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Information Visualization Mantra

• Overview, zoom filter, details-on-demand
• Overview, zoom filter, details-on-demand
• Overview, zoom filter, details-on-demand
• Overview, zoom filter, details-on-demand
• Overview, zoom filter, details-on-demand
• Overview, zoom filter, details-on-demand
• Overview, zoom filter, details-on-demand
• Overview, zoom filter, details-on-demand
• Overview, zoom filter, details-on-demand
• Overview, zoom filter, details-on-demand

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Information Visualization Data Types

• 1-D Linear Document Lens, SeeSoft, Info Mural,
  Value Bars
• 2-D Map GIS, ArcView, PageMaker, Medical
  imagery
• 3-D World CAD, Medical, Molecules, Architecture
• Multi-Dim Parallel Coordinates, Spotfire, XGobi,
  Visage, Influence Explorer, TableLens, DEVise
• Temporal Perspective Wall, LifeLines,
  Lifestreams, Project Managers, DataSpiral
• Tree Cone/Cam/Hyperbolic, TreeBrowser, Treemap
• Network Netmap, netViz, SeeNet, Butterfly,
  Multi-trees

(Online Library of Information Visualization
Environments) otal.umd.edu/Olive
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Customer Histories
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LifeLines
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Treemap - view large trees

• Space filling
• Space limited
• Color coding
• Size coding
• Requires learning

TreeViz (Mac, Johnson, 1992) NBA-Tree(Sun, Turo,
1993) Winsurfer (Teittinen, 1996) Diskmapper
(Windows, Micrologic) Treemap97 (Windows, UMd)
(Shneiderman, ACM Trans. on Graphics, 1992)
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Treemap - Stock market, clustered by industry
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Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)

• Three lessons
• 1) Human needs drive innovation
• 2) Universal usability
• 3) Creativity support tools

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ACM Conference on Universal Usability
Washington, DC November
16-17, 2000 www.acm.org/sigchi/cuu
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Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory
www.cs.umd.edu/hcil
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For More Information

• Visit the HCIL website for 200 papers info on
  videos (www.cs.umd.edu/hcil)
• See Chapter 15 on Info Visualization
  Shneiderman, B., Designing the User Interface
  Strategies for Effective Human-Computer
  Interaction Third Edition (1998)
  (www.aw.com/DTUI)
• January 1999 book of readings Card, S.,
  Mackinlay, J., and Shneiderman, B.
  Information Visualization Using Vision to Think