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Migration and Development: Challenges for Policymaking

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Germany, Austria Serb-Mont, Morocco. Humanitarian considerations: Denmark, Finland, Iraq, Serb-Mont, B-H, Sweden Iran. Patterns of EU migration: ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Migration and Development: Challenges for Policymaking


1
Migration and DevelopmentChallenges for
Policymaking
  • Louka T. Katseli, Robert E.B. Lucas and T.
    Xenogiani
  • Gaining from Migration
  • Second Experts Workshop
  • Paris
  • 11 July 2006

2
Outline
  • Migration and development policy coherence
    needed for more effective management
  • Migration patterns, sending countries and policy
    regimes
  • Smart visa policies for legal migration and
    development
  • Mobilising and channelling remittances for
    development
  • Integrating international migration into
    development strategies
  • Policy coherence for migration and development
    what role for OECD policies?

3
Migration and developmentinterlinkages
  • Migration patterns
  • Capacity of sending Development
  • countries to adjust
  • require greater policy coherence
  • between admission policies
  • and development cooperation

4
Policy coherence for migration and development a
definition
The pursuit of win-win opportunities for
both host and sending countries through the
systematic promotion of mutually-reinforcing
policy actions.
5
Policy coherence for migration and development
what is needed?
  • Better understanding of migration patterns and
    their links to conditions in countries of origin.
  • Careful consideration of the interlinkages of
    migration and development processes.
  • Improved coordination of migration, trade and
    development cooperation policies.
  • Incorporation of migration into PRSPs.

6
Patterns of EU migration
  • Europe lags behind North America in attracting
    highly-skilled migrants.
  • Heterogeneity across EU countries
  • Northern Europe large share of migrants from
    other OECD or EU15 countries.
  • Southern Europe more than 50 from neighbouring
    countries, transition and developing countries.

7
Patterns of EU migration
Geography, history and politics matter
  • Three migration models coexist within the EU 15
    driven by
  • Historical and language ties
  • France, Benelux, Morocco, Algeria,
  • Spain, UK, India, Pakistan,
  • Portugal, Ireland Turkey
  • Geographic proximity
  • Italy, Greece, Albania, Turkey,
  • Germany, Austria Serb-Mont, Morocco
  • Humanitarian considerations
  • Denmark, Finland, Iraq, Serb-Mont, B-H,
  • Sweden Iran

8
For an effective management of migration
  • Need to build an
  • Integrated European
  • migration monitoring system

9
Future trends?
  • In absence of migration, EU15 population is
    expected to drop by 10 million during the next
    two decades (esp. Italy, Greece, Germany and
    Austria).
  • New EU members (incl. Rom. and Bulg.) are likely
    to experience overall population drop.
  • Continuous need for low-skilled migrants in
    agriculture, tourism, construction and household
    services.

10
Migration pressures are likely to continue
  • Maghreb countries are becoming migration transit
    countries.
  • Increased international migration from low income
    SSA.
  • Continued flows of refugees and asylum seekers
    from the Middle East and other regions.

11
Low-skill migration an important driver for
development
  • Low-skill migration has greater impact on poverty
    reduction than migration of professionals.
  • Only 17 of low-skilled migrants in the EU15 come
    from low income countries.
  • Dominant destination of low-skilled migrants is
    other developing countries.
  • Temporary migration likely to be chosen over
    permanent settlement if costs are not too high.

12
Smart visa policies for legal migration and
development
  • Proliferation of temporary employment schemes
    joint management in 57 out of 92 countries.
  • Limitations of specific duration guest worker
    programmes
  • Multiple entry visas device to ease return and
    circularity.
  • Continuous and active monitoring of contracting
    arrangements.
  • Pre-departure training and linguistic courses.

13
High-skill migration an important driver for
growth and innovation
  • Emigration of highly-skilled persons can be
    beneficial for sending countries.
  • Compensation schemes and recruiting restraints
    hard to administer and usually ineffective.
  • Potential for general guidelines of recruitment
    and partnership arrangements.
  • Multiple entry visas, temporary work schemes and
    subsidisation of replenishment activities.

14
Remittances who benefits?
  • The poor if
  • Poorer families migrate
  • Poor overseas migrants remit
  • Potential gains depend on admission criteria,
    duration of absence , family separation,
    intention to return.
  • Migration of highly skilled who settle
    permanently abroad with their families bring
    little by way of remittances to the home country.
  • Non-receiving households benefit through
    multiplier and market integration effects.

15
Remittances how to expand benefits?
  • Remittances not a substitute to development
    assistance.
  • Lowering the cost of transfers a priority for EU
    member-states.
  • European development banks, financial
    institutions and development agencies can take
    the lead in providing improved access and
    innovative financial instruments.
  • Codéveloppement migrants and migrant
    associations need to be involved.
  • Development assistance a catalyst for diffusion
    of benefits.

16
Migration needs to be integrated into PRSPs
  • Macroeconomic management
  • Changes in tax revenue
  • Changes in expenditures
  • Transfer systems vs remittances
  • Human resource management
  • Incentives for temporary stay abroad (e.g.
    advanced seniority in public sector post)
  • Deployment of skills
  • Replenishment
  • Education policies
  • Financing higher education (loans vs grants)
  • Adapting curricula to local needs
  • Accreditation of private colleges and training
    facilities

17
  • Labour-market integration
  • Improved infrastructure
  • Remove barriers to internal migration
  • Regional agreements (e.g. regional passports)
  • Remove barriers to labour-market entry of
    returning workers
  • ODA can be used as a catalyst to diffuse benefits
    of migration and facilitate adjustment through
  • Promotion of infrastructure
  • Improvements of education and health systems
  • Capacity building
  • Co-development projects
  • Fellowships and training arrangements

18
Policy coherence for migration and development
what role for ODA?
  • ODA cannot really slow migration
  • but it can serve as a catalyst to
  • diffuse the benefits of migration
  • facilitate adjustment
  • ODA channelled to investments in infrastructure
    can facilitate domestic labour market
    integration.
  • ODA channelled to capacity building can mitigate
    the negative impact of the brain drain.

19
Policy coherence for migration and development
what role for trade policies?
  • EU and OECD trade policies have a significant
    impact on living standards and income in low
    income countries and hence affect migration
    patterns.
  • The joint impact of migration and trade on
    development should be incorporated into migration
    policymaking.
  • More coherence is needed between EU and OECD
    trade and migration policies.
  • The international community needs to consider the
    scope of GATS Mode 4 to encompass low-skilled
    workers.

20
Policy coherence for migration and development
what role for security policies?
  • The interlinkages between development, migration
    and security should be jointly considered a
    human security agenda?
  • Strategies for risk prevention, risk mitigation
    and risk coping should be incorporated into
    migration policies.

21
EU institutional set up for greater policy
coherence
  • Rethinking of existing institutional set ups and
    segmentation of policy competencies across
    ministries, directorates and organisations.
  • Strengthening systematic consultations across EC
    relevant directorates.
  • Creation of a permanent inter-directorate liaison
    network as a powerful instrument for information
    exchange and policy consultation.

22
  • THANK YOU
  • www.oecd.org/dev
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