INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES SECTOR CGE Hands-on Training Workshop on National Greenhouse Gas Inventories for the African Region Pretoria, South Africa 18-22 September 2006

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INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES SECTOR CGE Hands-on
Training Workshop on National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories for the African RegionPretoria,
South Africa 18-22 September 2006

• PHILIP ACQUAH
• Director
• Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Ghana

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SECTION A Re96gl Approach and Steps

• Definition of IP Sector Activities
• Differentiation Non-energy and Energy-related
  Emissions
• IPCC Source and Sub-source Categories or
  Disaggregation
• Estimation Methods 
• Choice of Methods
• Choice of Activity Data
• Choice of Default Emission Factors
• Tools facilitating Choice of EF and Reporting
• IPCC Emission Factor Database (EFDB)
• Tools facilitating Reporting

3
SECTION BGPG 2000 APPROACH AND STEPS

• Good Practice Principles
• Choice of Methods-Tier structure and selection
  criteria
• GPG 2000 Potential key Sources and Decision Trees

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SECTION C Review of Problems Encountered using
Re96GL, GPG2000 Options and/or Suggested
Approaches

• Difficulty in disaggregation of Country relevant
  Sources
• Activity Data (AD) Collection and CBI
• Emissions Estimation methods and Reporting
• Inappropriateness of Stoichiometric ratios as EFs
• Lack of Emission Factors (2)
• Lack of AD and EFs

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SECTION C Review of Problems Encountered using
Re96GL, and Recommendations

• Other Specific Issues and
• Use of Notation Keys in Reporting Tables 1 2
• Activity Data (AD) Collection and Reporting
• Institutional Arrangements
• Recommended capacity building

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SECTION DRe96GL source-category specific
problems of AD and EF

• GPG 2000 OPTIONS

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SECTION EInventory Quality Improvement and
Uncertainty Reduction

• GPG APPROACH- QA/QC

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SECTION AREVISED 1996 IPCC GUIDELINES
(Re96GL)INDUSTRIAL PROCESS SECTOR

• Approach and Steps

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Re96GL Approach and Steps Definition of IP
Sector Activities

• Non-energy related physical and chemical
  processes in production activities leading to
  transformation of raw materials and emissions of
  GHG (e.g. decomposition reactions)

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Re96GL Approach and Steps Definition of IP
Sector Activities

• non-energy uses (NEU) of feedstock in process
  reactions or stage processes that do not only
  release heat but also act predominantly as
  reducing agent (e.g. metallurgical coke in the
  smelting of ores in metal production)

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Re96GL Approach and Steps Definition of IP
Sector Activities

• Feedstock delivered to petrochemical plants and
  used for manufacture of other products and not
  for energy purposes (e.g. use of natural gas or
  other fossils in the manufacture of ammonia)

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Re96GL Approach and Steps Definition of IP
Sector Activities

• Production-related emissions NOT classified under
  IP but under energy sector are GHGs released
  from fuel combustion of feedstock in production
  activities as sources of energy/ form of energy
  ( i.e. heat, process steam or electricity
  generation).

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Re96GL Approach and Steps Differentiation
Non-energy and Energy-related Emissions
in Re96GL Vol.3

• Cement production Section 2.3.1
• Lime production , 2.4.1
• Soda ash production and Use 2.6.1
• Ammonia production 2.8.1 and 2.8.2
• Silicon carbide 2.11.1
• Calcium Carbide 2.11.2
• Iron and Steel 2.13.3.2
• Ferro alloys 2.13.5.1
• Aluminum 2.13.5.1

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Illustration of non-energy and energy related
emissions from Re96GL Vol. 3 (Reference Manual)

• Differentiation of Non-Energy and Energy Related
  Emissions in IP sector

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Re96GL Approach and Steps IPCC Source and
Sub-source Categories or Disaggregation

• Tools for classification
• The IPCC inventory software (electronic version
  of IPCC worksheet)
• Emission Factor data Base EFDB

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Illustration with EFDB and Software

• Re96GL Sources and Subsource Categories/Disaggrega
  tion

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GHGs from IP sector(a) CO2, CH4, N2O,(b) HFCs,
PFCs, SF6,(c) SO2,CO, Nox, NMVOCs

• Relevant Source Categories (ref. Software
  long summary

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Re96GL Approach and StepsGeneral Estimation
Methodology

• General Equation
• TOTALij AD j x EF ij
• where
• TOTAL ij process emission (tonne) of gas i from
  industrial sector j
• AD j amount of activity or production of
  process material (Activity Data) in industrial
  sector j (tonne/yr)
• EF ij emission factor (EF) associated with gas
  i per unit of activity in industrial sector j
  (tonne/tonne)

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Re96GL Approach and StepsChoice of Methods

• For certain industrial processes, more than one
  estimation methodology is presented. These are
• Simplified approach referred to as Tier 1
• More detailed methodology referred to as Tier 2.

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Re96GL Approach and StepsChoice of Methods

• Several options are also provided for certain
  industrial processes under Tier 1, as Tier 1a,
  1b, 1c based on data availability and
  suitability of methods
• Order of preference for Tier 1 methods 1agt1bgt1c
• Encourages Country-Specific methods, documented
  and adequately referenced

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Re96GL Approach and StepsSample Tiers by
Sub-source Categories

• 2B1- Ammonia production (CO2)
• Tier1a-AD as natural gas consumption (m3) and EF
  (kgC/m3)
• Tier 1b-AD as ammonia production (tonnes) and EF
  (tonne CO2/tonne NH3)
• 2C5-Calcium Carbide Production (CO2)
• T1a -Consumption of petroleum coke (tonne) and EF
  (tonne C/tonne Coke type)
• T1b-production of carbide

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Re96GL Approach and StepsTiers by Sub-source
Categories

• 2C-Metal production (Iron and Steel, Al,
  Ferro-alloys)
• Tier 1a-consumption of reducing agent (tonne) and
  EF (tonne C/tonne reducing agent)
• Tier 1b-production of the metal (tonnes) and EF
  (tonne CO2/tonne metal)

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Re96GL Approach and Steps Tiers by Sub-source
Categories

• PFCs from aluminum production
• Tier 1a-direct plant emissions data
• Tier 1b-estimation based on plant measurements
  and empirical estimation
• Tire 1c-based on aluminum production (tonnes) and
  default emissions factor (kg/tonne Al)

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Re96GL Approach and Steps Tiers by Sub-source
Categories

• 2F- HCFC manufacture (HFC-23 release)
• Tier 1- AD (total production (tonnes) and Default
  EF ( of total production)
• Tier2- direct emissions from plant specific
  measurements using standard methods
• 2E-Consumption of ODS substitutes (HFCs, PFCs and
  SF6)
• Tire 1a and Tier b -potential emissions
• Tier 2 -actual emissions

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Re96GL Approach and StepsChoice of Activity Data

• Plant level measurements or direct emissions
  reports with documented methodologies
• Where direct measurements are not available,
  estimations are based on calculation with
  plant-specific data

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Re96GL Approach and StepsChoice of Activity Data

•  International data set ( United Nations data
  sets and Industry associations )
• National data bases where available from
  appropriate government ministries (e.g.
  Statistics Services, EPAs)
• Standard production statistics from national
  statistical publications.

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Re96GL Approach and StepsChoice of Default
Emission Factors

• Process reaction-based EFs (Stoichiometric
  Ratios)
• Production-based emission factors
• Technology-specific emission Factors
• Reported Country/Region-specific plant-level
  measurements
• IPCC Emission Factors Data Base (EFDB), a summary
  for process reaction-based and technology-based
  EFs

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ILLUSTRATE USE OF EMISSION FACTOR DATABASE (EFDB)
FOR IP SECTOR

• Re96GL Approach and Steps

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Comparability of IPCC Technology-based Default EF
and good practice Plant-level EF

• The case of Aluminum production inventory in Ghana

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Good practice Activity Data (Plant-level EF
based on Tier 1a Method)
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Consumption of reducing agent (anode carbon)
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Net carbon consumption
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Comparability of good practice plant level and
IPCC Default
Process Parameter Country Specific (Plant level Tier 2) 7-year average IPCC Default including baking emissions (5)
Net Carbon consumption assuming 98 purity of anode carbon tonne C/tonne 0.445
Emission factor (tonne CO2/tonne Al.) 1.63 1.58
Difference 3.5
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Emissions Estimation and Reporting Use of IPCC
Electronic Inventory Software

• Re96GL Approach and Steps

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REPORTING TABLESLong Summary and Short
summary(Reference IPCC Inventory Software)
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SECTION BIP SECTOR INVENTORIES

• GPG 2000 APPROACH AND STEPS

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GGPG 2000 Approach and StepsGood Practice
Principles

• To produce inventories, which neither over/under
  estimate emissions so far as can be judged based
  on the principle of TCCCA, namely
• Transparency Consistency over time
• Completeness, Comparability,
• Accuracy

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GPG 2000 Approach and StepsGood Practice
Principles

• To use limited resources more efficiently for key
  sources
• To reduce level of Uncertainties
• To improve reporting and documentation
• To apply quality assurance and quality control
  (QA/QC) and improve transparency

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GGPG 2000 Approach and StepsChoice of Methods

• Identifies potential IP sector key source
  categories
• Provides Decision Tree analysis for the selected
  sources
• Describes source category-specific good practice
  methods in adapting Re96GL to country-specific
  circumstances

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GGPG 2000 Approach and StepsChoice of Methods

• Defines Tier numbers for alternative names of
  methods described in Re96GL but are not numbered
• Provides good practice guidance for various Tier
  levels of assessment (Tier 1, 2, 3) for selected
  source categories

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GPG 2000 Approach and StepsGPG 2000 Potential
key Sources Identified

• 2A1-CO2 Emissions from Cement Production
• 2A2-CO2 Emissions from Lime Production
• 2C1-CO2 Emissions from the Iron and Steel
  Industry
• 2B3 2B4 N2O Emissions from Adipic Acid and
  Nitric Acid Production
• 2C3-PFCs Emissions from Aluminum Production
• 2C4-Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) emissions from
  Magnesium Production
• 2E1-HFC-23 Emissions from HCFC-22 Manufacture

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GPG 2000 Approach and StepsGPG 2000 Potential
key Sources Identified

• 2F(1-5)- Emissions from Substitutes for Ozone
  Depleting Substances (ODS substitutes) from HFCs
  and PFCs used in refrigeration,
  air-conditioning, foam blowing, fire
  extinguishers, aerosols, solvents )
• 2F7-SF6 Emissions from Electrical Equipment
• 2F8-SF6 Emissions from Other Sources of SF6
• 2E3-SF6 Emissions from Production of SF6
• 2F6-PFC, HFC, and SF6 Emissions from
  Semiconductor Manufacturing.

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GPG 2000 Approach and Steps Decision Trees, and
Selection criteria for Methods and Structured
Tier levels
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GPG 2000 Approach and Steps Decision Trees, and
selection criteria for methods and Tier
levels
2A1-Cement production CO2 Figure 3.1 pg 3.11
2C1- Iron and Steel Production (CO2) Figure 3.2 pg 3.21
2B1 2B2 Nitric Acid and Adipic Acid (NO2) 2C1-Aluminum production (PFC) Figure 3.4 pg 3.32 Figure 3.5 pg 3.40
2C-Use of SF6 in magnesium production (SF6) Figure 3.6 pg 3.49
2E 2F- ODS Substitutes Figure 3.11 pg 3.80
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GPG 2000 Approach and Steps SAMPLE
ILLUSTRATIONS OF TIER LEVEL METHODS IN ADAPTING
RE96GL BASED ON NATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES

• Reference Annex 3 Table 3 IP
  Handbook

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SECTION C REVIEW OF PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN
USING Re96GL and GPG 2000 OPTIONS
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Potential problems in preparing IP Sector
Inventory

• Difficulty in disaggregation of Country relevant
  Sources into IPCC categories particularly
  sub-source categories not listed in Re96GL.

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mapping national industry classification with
IPCC Source categories
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Potential problems in preparing IP Sector
InventoryActivity Data (AD) Collection and CBI

• Direct reporting of emissions without AD and/or
  EF to national institutions responsible for data
  collection because of Confidential Business
  Information (CBI),

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Potential problems in preparing IP Sector
Inventory Emissions Estimation methods and
Reporting

• The reporting of industrial process emissions
  from non-energy use (NEU) of feedstock produced
  in combination with fuel combustion under Energy
  Sector due to the difficulty in differentiation
  and possible double counting of CO2.

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Potential problems in preparing IP Sector
Inventory Emissions Estimation methods and
Reporting

• Direct plant level measurement and reporting of
  industrial process emissions of CO2 from
  chemical processes or stage processes in
  combination with fuel combustion emissions from
  energy uses of feedstock (e.g. CO2 emissions
  from CaCO3 decomposition and metallurgical coke
  oxidation in Solvay process).

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Potential problems in preparing IP Sector
Inventory Inappropriateness of Stoichiometric
ratios as EFs

• Where technology-specific or plant-level data are
  not available, EF(D) are based on stoichiometric
  ratios of process reactions..

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Potential problems in preparing IP Sector
Inventory Lack of Emission Factors (2)

•  lack of development of plant-level EFs, which
  leads to the estimation of EFs based on top
  -down ratios calculated as EF Emissions /
  Aggregate AD).

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Re96GL source-category specific Problems GPG
2000 Tier1 good practice Options

• Sample Source Category Estimations
• 2.A.1Cement Production
• 2.A.2 Lime Production
• 2.A.1 Limestone and Dolomite Use
• 2.C.1 Iron and Steel
• Reference Table 2 IP Handbook

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Other specific problems encountered in the use of
Re96GL

• SUGGESTED APPROACHES/OPTIONS

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Potential problems in preparing IP Sector
Inventory -Use of Notation Keys in Reporting
Tables 1 2

• Inappropriate use and/or limited use of notation
  keys (NO, NE, NA, IE, NE) in UNFCCC
  reporting Table 1 and Table 2.

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Completeness and Transparency in Reporting -Use
of Notation Keys

• NO (not occurring) for activities or processes
  that do not occur for a particular gas or
  source/sink category within a country,
• NE (not estimated) for existing emissions and
  removals which have not been estimated,
• NA (not applicable) for activities in a given
  source/sink category which do not result in
  emissions or removals of a specific gas,
• .

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Completeness and Transparency in Reporting -Use
of Notation Keys

• IE (included elsewhere) for emissions and
  removals estimated but included elsewhere in the
  inventory (Parties should indicate where the
  emissions or removals have been included),
• C (confidential) for emissions and removals which
  could lead to the disclosure of confidential
  information.

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Potential problems in preparing IP Sector
Inventory Activity Data (AD) Collection and
Reporting

• Production data on large point sources may be
  available in various national institutions in
  data sets that are not easily converted to GGI
  data
• Where available, mandatory or voluntary
  plant-level data are reported as total emissions
  without relevant AD and EF
•  

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Potential problems in preparing IP Sector
Inventory Lack of Emission Factors (1)

• Mandatory industry reports (e.g. annual
  environmental reports) provide only emissions
  estimates without AD and/or EF.
• Lack of IPCC D-EFs due to differences in IPCC
  source and sub-source categories and
  disaggregation of country-relevant sources,  

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Potential problems in preparing IP Sector
Inventory Institutional Arrangements

• National institutions and industry association
  collect and present data in formats not
  appropriate for GHG estimation because they are
  normally aggregated in data sets relevant for the
  purposes for which they are collected.
• Limited awareness among industry/industry
  associations of opportunities under the
  Convention and therefore not motivated to develop
  capacity for reporting GHG inventories.

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Potential problems in preparing IP Sector
Inventory Institutional Arrangement

• Lack of institutional arrangement and clarity
  over roles and responsibilities of experts
  carrying out the technical studies.
•  Lack of legal and institutional authority to
  demand data from industry to carry out the
  inventories- (reporting is basically voluntary)

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Potential problems in preparing IP Sector
Inventory Institutional Arrangement

•  Non-involvement of universities and/or research
  centres on CC issues that can evolve a more
  sustainable inventory system.
•  Lack of mainstreaming CC data collection by
  national statistical services and industry
  associations in data collection.
•  Lack of QA/QC and uncertainty analysis by data
  collection institutions

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Intuitional Arrangement ProblemsRecommended
capacity building

• Institute a national working group of relevant
  stakeholders for plant level verification and
  peer review of the inventory report
• Organise a capacity building seminar for all
  institutions and relevant GHG contributing
  industries to disseminate the IP inventory data
  sets, the need of QA/QC and plant specific good
  practice for development and reporting AD and EFs
  in GGI data sets

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Intuitional Arrangement ProblemsRecommended
capacity building

• Adapt Re96GL and GPG2000 and develop country
  specific workbooks documenting methods, Ads, EFs
  to increase transparency and preserve
  institutional memory
• Disseminate the opportunities of emissions
  reduction under the Convention and the Financing
  Mechanisms under the Protocol in the capacity
  building workshop to motivate industry
  participation

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Review and Assessment of Activity data and
Emission Factors

• Data status and Options

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GPG 2000 Approach and Steps Inventory Quality
Improvement and Uncertainty Reduction

• QA/QC APPROACH