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BIOLOGY PROJECT

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Title: BIOLOGY PROJECT


1
BIOLOGY PROJECT
ANIMAL KINGDOM
PRESENTED BY K JANISH XI SCIENCE KV, SECTOR 4,RK
PURAM NEW DELHI
GUIDE MRS RITUPURI BIOLOGY TEACHER
2
(No Transcript)
3
WELCOME TO THE WORLD OF ANIMALS
4
ANIMAL KINGDOM
  • Animals are a major group of organisms,
    classified as the kingdom Animalia or Metazoa.
  • In general they are multicellular, capable of
    locomotion, responsive to their environment, and
    feed by consuming other organisms.
  • The word "animal" comes from the Latin word
    animal, of which animalia is the plural, and is
    derived from anima, meaning vital breath or soul.

5
Phylum Porifera (pore bearing animals)
  • Members of this phylum are commonly known as
    sponges.
  • They are generally marine.
  • They are mostly asymmetrical animals.
  • They are primitive multicellular animals and have
    cellular level of organisations.
  • Digestion is intracellular
  • Sexes are not separate
  • (hermaphrodite).
  • Sponges produce asexually by fragmentation and
    sexually by formation of gametes.
  • Fertilization is internal.
  • Examples Haliclona, Tube sponge

Tube sponge
Haliclona
6
Phylum - Cnidaria
  • They are aquatic, mostly marine.
  • They are Radially symmetrical.
  • They exhibit tissue level of organization and are
    diploblastic.
  • Cnidoblasts- it contain the stinging capsules. It
    is used for anchorage, defense and for capturing
    of prey.
  • Digestion is intracellular extacellular.
  • Those cnidarians which exist both forms exhibit
    alternation of generation (Metagenesis),i.e.,
    polyps produce medusae asexually and medusae form
    the polyps sexually.
  • Examples Anthopleura xanthogrammica ,
    Anthopleura sola

Anthopleura xanthogrammica

Anthopleura sola
7
Phylum Ctenophora
  • They are Commonly known as sea walnuts or comb
    jellies.
  • They are exclusively marine.
  • They are radially symmetrical,diploblastic
    organisms with tissue level of organization.
  • The body bears 8 external rows of ciliated comb
    plates, which help in locomotion.
  • BIOLUMINESENCE-The property of living organisms
    to emit light is well - marked in ctenophores.
  • Digestion is both extracellular intracellular.
  • Sexes are not separate.
  • Fertilisation is external.
  • ExamplesPleurobrachia, Ctenoplana etc.

Pleurobrachia
8
Phylum - Platyhelminthes
  • They have dorso ventrally flattened body, hence
    are called flatworms.
  • They are bilaterally symmetrical,triploblastic,and
    acoelomate animals with organ level of
    organisation.
  • Flame cells help in osmoregulation and excretion.
  • Sexes are not separate.
  • Fertilization is internal.
  • ExamplesTricladida,Moniezia benedeni

Tricladida
Moniezia benedeni
9
Phylum-Aschelminthes
  • Their body is circular in cross-section, hence,
    name roundworms.
  • They are bilaterally symmetrical triploblastic
    and pseudocoelomate animals.
  • Sexes are separates (dioecious), i.e. males and
    females are distinct. Often females are longer
    than males.
  • Fertilisation is internal and development may be
    direct (the young ones resemble the adult) or
    indirect.
  • Examples Ascaris (Roundworm), Wuchereria
    (Filaria worm), Ancyl

Round worm
10
Phylum Annelida
Annelids
  • They may be aquatic or terrestrial free living,
    and sometimes parasitic.
  • They exhibit organ-system level of body
    organization and bilateral symmetry. They are
    triploblastic and coelomate animals.
  • They possess longitudinal and circular muscles
    which help in locomotion.
  • Nephridia help in osmoregulation and excretion.
  • Nereis ,an aquatic form is dioecious, but
    earthworms and leeches are monoecious.
  • Reproduction is sexual.
  • ExamplesNereis,Earthworm,Leech
  • etc.

Leech
Earthworm
11
Phylum Arthropoda
  • This is the largest phylum of animalia which
    includes insects.
  • They have organ system level of organisation.
  • They are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic,
    segmented and coelomate animals.
  • The body consists of head, thorax and abdomen.
  • Respiratory organs are gills, book gill, book
    lungs or tracheal system.
  • They are mostly dioecious.
  • Fertilization is usually internal they are
    mostly oviparous.
  • Examples Honey bee, culex, locust.

Pityobius murrayi
12
Phylum Mollusca
  • This is the second largest animal phylum.
  • Molluscs are terrestrial or aquatic having an
    organ system level of organization.
  • They are bilaterally symmetrical,triploblastic,and
    coelomate animals.
  • They have respiratory and excretory functions.
  • For feeding, the mouth contains a file like
    rasping organ called radula.
  • They are usually dioecious and oviparous with
    indirect development.
  • ExamplesApplesnail,Octopus,etc

Apple snail
Octopus
13
Phylum - Echinodermata
  • These animals have an endoskeleton of calaraceous
    ossicles and,hence,the name Echinodermata.
  • All are marine with organ-system level of
    organisation.
  • The adult echinoderms are radially symmetrical
    but larvae are bilaterally symmetrical.
  • They are triploblastic and coelomate animals.
  • The most distinctive feature of echinoderms is
    the presence of WATER VASCULAR SYSTEM which helps
    in locomotion, capture and transport of food and
    respiration.
  • Sexes are separate.
  • Reproduction is sexual.
  • Fertilisation is usually external.
  • Examples Star fish, Brittle star, Sea urchin,etc.

Star fish
spines
Ventral plates
mouth
Brittle star
14
Phylum - Hemichordata
  • This phylum consists of small group of warm-like
    marine animals with organ system level of
    organisation.
  • They are bilaterally symmetrical,triploblastic
    and coelomate animals.
  • Circulatory system is of open type.
  • Respiration takes place through gills.
  • Sexes are separate.
  • Fertilisation is external.
  • ExamplesBalanoglossus, Saccoglossus,etc.

Balanoglossus
Saccoglossus
15
Phylum - Chordata
  • They are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic,
    coelomate with organ system level of
    organisation.
  • Notochord is present.
  • Central nervous system is dorsal, hollow and
    single
  • Heart is ventral.
  • Post-anal tail is present.
  • Phylum chordata is divided into three subphyla
  • 1. Urochordata- In Urochordata, notochord is
    present only in larval tail.egAscidia
  • 2. Cephalochordata-
  • In Cephalochordata the notochord extends
    from head to tail region and is persistent
    throughout their life. egBranchiostoma,etc.
  • 3. Vertebrata-vertebrate possess notochord
    in their embryonic period.

Ascidia mentula
Branchiostoma platae Hubbs
16
Subphyla - Vertebrata
  • The subphyla vertebrata are divided into seven
    classes
  • Class-Cyclostomata
  • Class-Chondrichtyes
  • Class-Osteichthyes
  • Class-Amphibia
  • Class-Reptilia
  • Class-Aves
  • Class-Mammalia

17
Class - Cyclostomata
  • All living members of the class Cyclostomata are
    ectoparasites on some fishes.
  • They have an elongated body bearing 6-15 pairs of
    gill slits for respiration.
  • They have a sucking and circular mouth without
    jaws.
  • Cranium and vertebral column are cartilaginous.
  • Circulation is closed type.
  • ExamplesHagfish,Lamprey,etc

Pacific hagfish
Sea Lamprey
18
Class - Chondrichthyes
  • They are marine animals with streamlined body and
    have endoskeleton.
  • Notochord is persistent throughout life.
  • Gill slits are separate and without gill cover.
  • Due to the absence of air bladder they have to
    swim constantly to avoid sinking.
  • Heart is two chambered.
  • They are cold blooded.
  • Sexes are separate.
  • Examples Dog fish, saw fish,etc.

Spiny Dogfish
Small tooth Sawfish
19
Class - Osteichytes
  • These fishes have bony endoskeleton.
  • They have four pairs of gills and covered by a
    gill cover on each side.
  • Air bladder is present which regulates buoyancy.
  • Heart is two chambered.
  • They are cold blooded animals.
  • Sexes are separate.
  • Fertilisation is usually internal.
  • They are mostly oviparous.
  • Examples Sea
  • horse,Labeo,etc.

Coral seahorse
Labeo bicolor
20
Class - Amphibia
  • They can live in aquatic as well
  • as terrestrial habitats.
  • Body is divided into head and
  • trunk.
  • The eyes have eyelids.
  • A tympanum represents the ear.
  • Alimentary canal, urinary and reproductive tracts
    open into a common chamber called cloaca which
    opens to the exterior.
  • Respiration is by gills, lungs and through skin.
  • The heart is three chambered.
  • These are cold blooded animals.
  • Sexes are separate.
  • Fertilisation is external.
  • They are oviparous.
  • Examples
  • Toad, Frog, Salamander, etc.

Toad
Rana
Tiger Salamander
21
Class - Reptilia
  • The class name refers to their creeping or
    crawling mode of locomotion.
  • They are mostly terrestrial animals.
  • Tympanum represents ear.
  • Heart is usually three
  • chambered but four chambered in crocodiles.
  • They are cold blooded.
  • Sexes are separate.
  • Fertilisation is internal.
  • They are oviparous.
  • Examples Anaconda, crocodile, Lizard, etc.

crocodile
Lizard
Anaconda
22
Class - Aves
  • The characteristic feature of aves are the
    presence of feathers and most of them can fly
    except flightless birds(e.g.Ostrich).
  • Endoskeleton is fully bony and the long bones are
    hollow with air cavities.
  • Heart is completely four chambered.
  • They are warm blooded animals.
  • Respiration is by lungs.
  • Sexes are separate.
  • Fertilisation is internal.
  • They are oviparous.
  • ExamplesParrot,Ostrich,vulture,etc.

 
Parrot
Ostrich
Vulture
23
Class - Mammalia
  • The most unique mammalian characteristic is the
    presence of milk producing glands by which
  • the young ones are nourished.
  • They have two pairs of limbs.
  • The skin of mammals is unique
  • in possessing hair.
  • External ears are present.
  • Heart is four chambered.
  • They are warm blooded.
  • Respiration is by lungs.
  • Sexes are separate.
  • Fertilisation is internal.
  • They are viviparous with few exceptions.
  • ExamplesDog,Cat,Lion,etc.

African Lion
Dog
Kittens
24
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