The Meeting of Cultures

1

• The Meeting of Cultures

2

• MAIN THEMES
• That the colonization of the Americas included a
  collision of European and Native American
  cultures that had been developing along very
  different lines for thousands of years.
• How a variety of ambitions and impulses
  (political, personal, financial) moved
  individuals and nations to colonize the New
  World.
• How the motives of the colonizers, and their
  experiences prior to immigrating, and their
  limited knowledge of the New World, shaped their
  attitudes toward Native American cultures.

3
EUROPE 1500 AD
4
TIMELINE EUROPE BEFORE 1500
     1095-1254 - THE CRUSADES   1209 -
FRANCISCAN ORDER ESTABLISHED   1340 -1492 - THE
RECONQUISTA   1346-1349 - THE BLACK
DEATH   1378-1415 - THE GREAT SCHISM   1453 -
OTTOMAN CONQUEST OF CONSTANTINOPLE /
INSTAMBUL  
5
Chronology Of The Crusades
1095-1096 The Peasants Crusade 1095-1099 The
First Crusade 1147-1149 The Second Crusade
1189-1192 The Third Crusade 1202-1204 The
Fourth Crusade 1202-1202 The Childrens Crusade
1218-1221 The Fith Crusade 1228-1229 The
Sixth Crusade 1248-1254 The Seventh Crusade
6
(No Transcript)
7
(No Transcript)
8
THE FRANCISCAN REFORMATION 1209 F FORMAL
HIERACHY R REMOVABLE /MENDICANCY I
IDEALISM / ANTI-MATERIALISM (NEOPLATONISM)
A APOSTOLIC POVERTY R REASON
SECONDARY TO WILL (VOLUNTARISM)
SAINT FRANCIS OF ASSISI
9
THE FRANCISCAN SCHOOLS I     THE FRANCISCAN
SCHOOL OF PARIS (1219)   - ALEXANDER OF HALES
(1185 -1245)   - SAINT BONAVENTURE
(1217-1274)      
10
THE FRANCISCAN SCHOOLS II         THE FRANCISCAN
SCHOOL OF OXFORD (1285)   ROGER BACON
(1214-1292)   JOHN DUNS SCOTUS
(1265-1308)   WILLIAM OF OCKHAM (1280
/90-1349)    
11
VOLUNTARISM VS.INTELLECTUALISM PLATONIC
IDEALISM The View That True Reality Only
Exists in the Realm of Ideas Outside Material
Space and Time. PLATO NEOPLATONISM
(PLOTINUS) VOLUNTARISM The Theory that God
or the Ultimate Nature of Reality is Conceived
as Some Form of Will. SAINT AUGUSTINE
FRANCISCAN SCHOOL SAINT BONAVENTURE WILLIAM
OF OCKHAM REFORMANTION MARTIN LUTHER
12
INTELLECTUALISM VS. VOLUNTARISM
INTELLECTUALISM The Theory Which Gives
Primacy To Gods Reason or Reason in Nature
ARISTOTLE AVERROËS REFORMANTION JOHN
CALVIN COUNTERREFORMATION THOMAS AQUINAS THE
JESUITS
13
The Black Death, 1348
14
(No Transcript)
15
San Juan, Matamoros
16
ARISTOTLE AND SLAVERY    "THERE IS NO DIFFICULTY
IN ANSWERING THIS QUESTION, ON GROUNDS BOTH OF
REASON AND OF FACT. FOR THAT SOME SHOULD RULE AND
OTHERS BE RULED IS A THING NOT ONLY NECESSARY,
BUT EXPEDIENT FROM THE HOUR OF THEIR BIRTH, SOME
ARE MARKED OUT FOR SUBJECTION, OTHERS FOR RULE."
  , "...SOME MEN ARE BY NATURE FREE, AND OTHERS
SLAVE, AND THAT FOR THESE LATTER SLAVERY IS BOTH
EXPEDIENT AND RIGHT.   ARISTOTLE, POLITICS, BOOK
I, CHP. 5 (NEW YORK MODERN LIBRARY, 1943),
PP.58-6
17
SCRIPTURE AND SLAVERY    SERVANTS, BE SUBJECT
TO YOUR MASTERS 1 Peter 218 SERVANTS,
BE OBEDIENT TO THEM THAT ARE YOUR MASTERS
ACCORDING TO THE FLESH, WITH FEAR AND TREMBLING,
IN SINGLENESS OF YOUR HEART, AS UNTO
CHRIST. Ephesians 65 
18
TIMELINE AFRICA BEFORE 1500   300-700 - RISE
OF (ETHIOPIA) AND CONVERSION TO
CHRISTIANITY.   661-750 - MOSLEM (OMAYYAD)
CONQUEST OF NORTHERN AFIRCA AND IBERIA   827 -
ISLAMICIZED AFRICANS (MOORS) CONQUEST OF
SICILY   1000 - GHANA EMPIRE OF SONINKE PEOPLES
AT HEIGHT OF POWER   1300 - MOSLEM CONQUEST OF
GHANA, MALI EMPIRE   1400S - SONGHAI EMPIRE
SECEDES MALI EMPIRE   1400S - ISLAMICIZED SWAHILI
CITIES FLOURISH ON EAST AFRICAN COAST OF INDIAN
OCEAN   1441 - TWO PORTUGUESE CAPTAINS, ANTAM
GONCLAVES AND NUNO TRISTAO BEGIN THE EUROPEAN
SLAVE TRADE IN AFRICA   1500 - SLAVE KINGDOMS
19
(No Transcript)
20
The Five Pillars of Islam
 
21
MAP OF MOSLEM WORLD _ 1500 AD
22
SLAVERY IN ISLAM THE QURAN O MANKIND! WE CREATED
YOU FROM A SINGLE SOUL, MALE AND FEMALE, AND MADE
YOU INTO NATIONS AND TRIBES, SO THAT YOU MAY COME
TO KNOW ONE ANOTHER. TRULY, THE MOST HONORED OF
YOU IN GOD'S SIGHT IS THE GREATEST OF YOU IN
PIETY. GOD IS ALL-KNOWING, ALL-AWARE. -- 4913
SHARIA 'WHOEVER KILLS HIS SLAVE SHALL BE
KILLED BY US'. IN CONSEQUENCE, THE MURDER OF A
SLAVE WAS PUNISHED LIKE THAT OF A FREE MAN. 'LET
NONE OF YOU SAY, "THIS MAN, OR THIS WOMAN, IS MY
SLAVE". HE MUST RATHER SAY "THIS IS MY MAN, AND
THIS MY WOMAN. MUKATABA SELF ENFRANCHISE
MILITARY SLAVERY / SLAVE DYNASTIES
JASAINARIES, MAMLUKS), AND EUNUCHS HARATIN
MAURITANIA
23

• PRINCE HENRY THE NAVIGATOR'S FULFILLING THE
  MISSION OF THE MILITARY ORDER OF CHRIST, OF WHICH
  HE WAS GRAND MASTER, HIS OBJECTS WERE
•  
• TO KNOW THE COUNTRY BEYOND CAPE BOJADOR, THE
  FURTHEST LIMIT OF THE KNOWN WORLD ON THE WEST
  SIDE OF AFRICA
• (2) TO OPEN UP TRADE RELATIONS
• (3) TO LEARN THE EXTENT OF THE MOHAMMEDAN POWER
• (4) TO FIND A CHRISTIAN PRINCE WHO WOULD AID HIM
  IN HIS CRUSADING WORK (HE HAD HEARD OF PRESTER
  JOHN)
• (5) TO SPREAD THE CHRISTIAN FAITH.

24

• America Before Columbus  
• The Civilizations of the South 
•  The Civilizations of the North

25
TIMELINE AMERINDIANS IN THE PRE-COLUMBIAN ERA
  16,000-14,000 B.C. AMERINDIANS CROSS THE
BERING STRAIT INTO NORTH AMERICA  2000
B.C. HORSES BECOME EXTINCT IN THE
AMERICAS  2000-1500 B.C. AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION
TRANSFORMS NATIVE AMERICAN LIFE  1200 - 1000
B.C. OLMEC EMPIRE  100 B.C. - 800 A.D. MAYAN
EMPIRE  1000 - 1100 TOLTEC EMPIRE  1300
1521 AZTEC EMPIRE  0 - 1300 MOLLOGAN,
HOHOKAM, ANAZI CULTURES  600
1429 MISSISSIPPIAN CULTURE / CAHOKIA
26
OLMEC EMPIRE 1200-1000 BCE
27
MAYAN EMPIRE 100-800 AD
28
AZTEC EMPIRE 1300-1521 AD
29
Tenochtitlan,
30
(No Transcript)
31
(No Transcript)
32
(No Transcript)
33
(No Transcript)
34
(No Transcript)
35
(No Transcript)
36
(No Transcript)
37
AMERININDIAN SLAVERY   WAR ABDUCTIONS / FORMAL
SLAVE TRADE AXTECS INCAS IROQUOIS PAWNEE SLAV
E OWNING TRIBES HURON OTTAWA NORTHWEST (30 )
38
CULTURES IN CONFLICT

• - POLYTHEISM / PANTHEISM
• VS. MONOTHEISM
• MATRILINIAL VS. PATRILINEAL
• COMMUNAL VS. PRIVATE PROPERTY
• SLAVERY

39

• Debating the Past THE AMERICAN POPULATION BEFORE
  COLUMBUS  

AMERICAS 50 75 Million 10 Million in what is
now U.S. AFRICA 50 MILLION EUROPE 70-90
MILLION
40

• THE AGRICULTURAL EXCHANGE
• Americas contributions Tomatoes, peppers,
  potato, corn, and tobacco
• Europe's contribution Beef, pork, milk, cheeses,
  chicken, sheep, goats Sugar cane--impact on
  slave trade
• The horse transformed Americas--warfare,
  hunting, culture.

41

• Biological and Cultural Exchanges 

42
Smallpox in the New World Santa Domingo, 1495,
fifty-seven to eighty percent of the native
population Puerto Rico, 1515, two-thirds of the
Indians of Puerto Rico were wiped out by
smallpox. Mexico Ten years after Cortez
arrived, the native population had been reduced
from twenty-five million to six million five
hundred thousand a reduction of seventy-four
percent. North America Approximately one
million one hundred and fifty thousand Indians
living north of the Rio Grande in the early
sixteenth-century, but by 1907, there were less
than four hundred thousand.