Title: THE EVOLUTION OF THE AIR POLLUTION ABATEMENT POLICIES IN EUROPE
1THE EVOLUTION OF THE AIR POLLUTION ABATEMENT
POLICIES IN EUROPE
THE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF AIR POLLUTION
PREVENTION ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
ASSOCIATIONS (IUAPPA) International
Seminar URBAN AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT 21st 23rd
October 2002 - Sao Paulo, Brazil
Prof. Giuseppe Fumarola University of LAquila,
Vice President CSIA/ATI, Italy President EFCA
The most important message that IUAPPA has is
for developing countries through the world, not
to make the same mistakes which most industrial
countries made over 100 years ago and which has
taken them over 100 years to put right Rear
Admiral P.G. Sharp, Director NSCA (UK),Fifth Int.
Clean Air Congress, Buenos Aires, 1980
2INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES
URBAN AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT AIR POLLUTANT
SOURCES
STATIONARY COMBUSTION PLANTS
TRANSPORTATION
3Historical examples of complained environmental
problems
- ROMA
- at the August Emperor time, two thousand years
ago, transportation by carts animal-drawn at any
time of the day created noise, nauseous odour and
sanitary problems - today a similar problem is smartly called
sustainable mobility - LONDON
- at the time of King Edward I, in 1306, combustion
in stationary sources (domestic furnaces) which
burned coal - today the old "fashionable" smog of London has
been substituted by the sly PM10. - VENICE
- the furnaces for glass manufacture in XII century
had to move away from the city, on the near
Murano island. - today the artistic Murano glass production
plants have still to comply with new emission
limits. A recent decree of the Italian Ministry
of the Environment establish a deadline at the
end of December 2002 - At the beginning of the third Millennium nothing
new under the sun
4 Raw Materials
E M I S S I O N S / W A S T E S
Energy
AIR
WATER
INDUSTRIAL PROCESS
SOIL
Products
5 Raw Materials
A S B Y A S T T E E M M E
S N T
AIR
Energy
E M W I A S S S T I E O S N S
INDUSTRIAL PROCESS
WATER
SOIL
Products
6Best Practicable Means (BPM)
Air Quality Management (AQM)
u
Q (Kg/h) Ce (mg/m3)
Co - Ce ? ------------ Co
PROCESS
Co
Ce
END-OF-PIPE TECHNOLOGIES
Cmax f(A.Q.S.)
Distance downwind to the chemney
7RATIONAL USE AND RECYCLE OF ENERGY, RAW
MATERIALS, BY-PRODUCTS AND WASTES
Raw Materials
A B A T E M E N T S Y S T E M S
E M I S S I O N S - W A S T E S
AIR
Energy
WATER
INDUSTRIAL PROCESS
Recycle
Recycle
SOIL
By-products- Wastes
Emissions - Wastes
Products
8ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)
Raw Materials
A B A T E M E N T S Y S T E M S
E M I S S I O N S - W A S T E S
AIR
Energy
WATER
INDUSTRIAL PROCESS
Recycle
Recycle
SOIL
By-products- Wastes
Emissions- Wastes
Products
9EUROPEAN UNION ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY Polluter
pays principle
Command and Control
Environmental taxation
Voluntary instruments
10EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY Command and Control
Raw Materials
A B A T E M E N T S Y S T E M S
E M I S S I O N S - W A S T E S
AIR
Energy
WATER
INDUSTRIAL PROCESS
Recycle
Recycle
SOIL
By-products Wastes
Emissions Wastes
Products
11EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY Environmental
Taxation
Raw Materials
A B A T E M E N T S Y S T E M S
E M I S S I O N S - W A S T E S
AIR
Energy
WATER
INDUSTRIAL PROCESS
Recycle
Recycle
SOIL
By-products Wastes
Emissions Wastes
Products
12EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ECOLABEL
Ecolabel is an ecological quality mark for
products of wide use adopted in Europe in 1992.
It requires an environmental performance
assessment (impact on air, water and soil, waste
production, energy consumption, safety, etc.),
along with defined criteria, during the entire
life cycle (from cradle to grave). The label may
be used in the market place relying on the
consumers perception for eco-labelled products.
13EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY EMAS
(Eco-Management and Audit Scheme)
EMAS is a voluntary instrument, adopted in
Europe in 1993, conceived to encourage companies,
not only industrial, and even public
administrations, to adopt proactive initiatives
for continuous improvements of the environmental
performance of their processes, products and
services. It aims at having more efficient use of
raw materials and energy, minimizing wastes,
minimising risk of impact on the environment,
planning the investment in a more environmental
friendly manner. The site subjected to EMAS is
filed on an European Register and receives a mark
which may be used in the market place to
demonstrate to the public at large the positive
commitment in the protection of the environment.
14Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control
(IPPC) Directive 96/61/CE
PURPOSE To provide for a permitting system for
certain categories of industrial installations
to achieve integrated prevention and control of
pollution and ensure a high level of protection
for the environment as a whole CONDITION To
take all appropriate preventive measures against
pollution through the application of the Best
Available Technology
15 BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY
BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY the most effective
and advanced stage in the development of
activities and their methods of operation which
indicate the practical suitability of particular
techniques for providing in principle the basis
for emission limit values designed to prevent
and, where that is not practicable, generally to
reduce emissions and the impact on the
environment as a whole
BEST shall mean most effective in achieving a
high general level of protection of the
environment as a whole
AVAILABLE shall mean those techniques developed
on a scale which allows implementation in the
relevant industrial sector, under economically
and technically viable conditions, taking into
considerations costs and advantages, whether or
not the techniques are used or produced inside
the Member States in question, as long as they
are reasonably accessible to the operator
TECHNOLOGY shall include both the technology
used and the way in which the installation is
designed, built, maintained, operated and
decommissioned.
16EUROPEAN UNION ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control
(IPPC)
Seveso Directives
Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS)
17AIR POLLUTION FROM VEHICLES
EVAPORATION
COMPOSITION
FUEL
ENGINE
EXHAUST
WASTE ENERGY
TECNICAL MODIFICATION NEW PERFORMANCE
EMISSION STANDARDS
THREE-WAY CATALITIC CONVERTER
18GASOLINE/DIESEL OIL COMPOSITION
19EMISSION LIMITS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES (g/Km)
20STATIONARY COMBUSTION PLANTS General measures to
fight air pollution
- For domestic furnaces
- USE OF SOLID FUELS FORBIDDEN
- LIQUID FUELS WITH LOW SULPHUR CONTENT
- GAS PIPE NETWORK
- CONTROL OF COMBUSTION EFFICIENCY
- For power plants
- STRINGENT EMISSION STANDARDS
- EMISSION TAXATION
21MAIN ACTIONS FOR FUTURE DEVELOPMENT IN
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
- PURSUE A PROACTIVE APPROACH TO ENVIRONMENT
MANAGEMENT AS A WHOLE
- PURSUE THE MARKET-BASED MECHANISMS ACCORDING TO
POLLUTER PAYS PRINCIPLE
- INVOLVE PUBLIC AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATIONS TO
STIMULATE CHANGES IN CONSUMPTION PATTERNS
- Integrated Product Policy
22FUTURE DEVELOPMENT IN AIR POLLUTION POLICY FOR
VEHICLES
- REDUCE SPECIFIC CONSUMPTION OF FUEL
- IMPROVE FUEL COMPOSITION WITH NEW ADDITIVES
- PROMOTE ECO-LABELS FOR CARS WITH LOW CONSUMPTION
AND/OR ALTERNATIVE FUELS
- ENFORCE TAXATION INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL TO
SPECIFIC CONSUMPTION
- EQUIP NEW CARS WITH ON-BOARD-DIAGNOSIS
23HEALTH
GLOBAL MANAGEMENT
SAFETY
ENVIRONMENT
24Two main lines for GLOBAL MANAGEMENT
- TECHNOLOGIES
- INHERENTLY EFFICIENT (minimal use of raw
materials and energy) - INHERENTLY CLEAN (minimal production of flue
gases and wastes) - INHERENTLY SAFE (minimal risk at workplace and
for the living environment)
- SOCIAL ASPECTS
- EDUCATION
- PUBLIC PERCEPTION
- LEGISLATION
- ECONOMICAL RESOURCES