BODY TISSUES AND ORGANIZATION

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BODY TISSUES AND ORGANIZATION
Levels of assembly in human organization are as
follows atoms ? molecules ? cells ?
tissues ? organs ? organ systems
? human organism  
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How do we go from Cells to Tissues?
As cells divided by mitosis during early human
development, 3 layers of cells were formed. These
were the 3 germ layers ____________________
____________________ ____________________ Th
e cells in these layers changed shape and
function and eventually formed the many types of
tissues found in the human body.
Germ layers
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TissuesChap. 4, p. 79-85
A tissue is a ____________________________________
______ ___________________________________________
_________  
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4 Types of Tissues
I. Epithelial tissues II. Connective
tissues III. Muscular tissues IV. Nervous
tissues ______________________is the study of
tissues.
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I. Epithelial Tissues

• Epithelial tissues are sheets of cells that cover
  _____________ _________________or line
  ____________________________.
•  Classified on basis of shape
• _____________________ flattened cells
• _____________________ cube-shaped cells
• _____________________ elongate cells
• and number of cell layers
• _____________________ one cell layer
• _____________________ many layers

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Epithelial Tissues cont.
There are 7 different epithelial tissues that
occur in the human
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Epithelial Tissues cont.
A. Simple squamous epithelium is found
_____________ ____________________________________
____________
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Epithelial Tissues cont.
B. Simple cuboidal epithelium found in
________________________________________________
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• Simple columnar epithelium found in
  _____________ ____________________________________
  ___________
• - the external surface of each cell has
  _________________- function?
• - ______________________________that
  secrete ________________________are common
  between epithelial cells

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D. Stratified squamous epithelium found in the
_____________________________________
Remember in stratified epithelia, you always
look at the shape of cells at the
__________________to determine the tissue type.
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• E. Stratified cuboidal epithelium found in the
  ______________ ___________________________________
  ____________________
• also called _____________________________________
  ____due to its ability to stretch

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• Pseudostratified columnar epithelium found in
  ________________________________________________
• - actually a simple (one layer) tissue but
  it appears stratified 1. ____________________
  _____________________
  2. _______________________
  __________________
• - external surface is ______________________
  ____ and contains ________________________

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• G. Stratified columnar epithelium found in the
  __________________________________________________
  ________________________________________________
• This is the rarest epithelium (we will not
  observe this tissue type in lab)

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II. Connective Tissues
The connective tissues connect and anchor the
parts of the body and give form and support to
the body. Most connective tissues contain 3
parts 1. ______________________________ 2.
Intercellular _________________ 3.
__________________________
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Connective tissues are classified as
follows A. Fibrous connective tissues 1.
Areolar connective tissue 2. Dense connective
tissue B. Specialized connective tissues 1.
Adipose tissue 2. Cartilage 3. Bone 4.
Blood
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A. Fibrous connective tissues

• 1. Areolar or loose connective tissue
• contains living cells called ____________________
  _
• matrix is a ________________________
• 2 types of fibers _____________________________
  ___
• ________________________________
• Found where

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A. Fibrous connective tissues

• 2. Dense connective tissue
• contains ______________________________and dense
  areas of ____________________________
• found where in human body?

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B. Specialized connective tissues

• 1. Adipose tissue
• Specialized tissue composed of packets of round,
  clear cells called _____________________________
• _________________is stored in large, clear
  vacuoles of the cells

nucleus
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2. Cartilage - 2nd type of specialized
connective tissue
Cartilage is a firmer connective tissue
consisting of - living cells are called
___________________________in spaces called
__________________________ - jelly-like
_________________with ____________________________
____________________
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• Two types of cartilage are common in the human
  body
• Hyaline cartilage matrix consists of a mat of
  bluish _______________________to form rubbery,
  jellylike material
• - found in ______________________________________
  __
• ________________________________________________

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• Elastic cartilage matrix contains short,
  dark-staining ___________________________.
  ______________________may also be present but
  dont stain.
• - common in the _________________________________
  _____

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3. Bone - 3rd type of specialized connective
tissue
Bone is a rigid supporting tissue arranged into
___________________________________________
    
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 A Haversian system consists of a 1.
_________________________ concentric rings
called lamellae containing _______________________
___and _______________________________salts
called hydroxyapatite crystals 2.
__________________________ bone cells that lie
in spaces called lacunae 3. Haversian canal and
canaliculi passages containing
___________________________________________ that
interconnect the lacunae
    
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4. Blood - 4th type of specialized connective
tissue

• Blood is a fluid type of connective tissue
  consisting of
• a fluid matrix is the ____________________
• _____________________ are present
• 3 kinds of living cells
  
  ______________________ red blood cells
  ______________________
  white blood cells
  ______________________
•  

    
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III. Muscular Tissues
Muscular tissues consist of elongate cells that
have the ______________________________when
stimulated by the nervous system. Muscle cells
contain contractile protein microfilaments called
___________________________ Cytoplasm is called
the _______________________ and cell membrane is
the ________________________
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III. Muscular Tissues
There are 3 types of muscular tissues based on
location and microscopic appearance A.
Skeletal muscle B. Cardiac muscle C. Smooth
muscle
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• A. Skeletal muscle is found in
  __________________________________________________
  __.
• It is composed of ________________________________
  ______
• Cells are ______________________ striations
  represent the arrangement of microfilaments
  ____________________________
• Under _________________________control of the
  brain

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• B. Cardiac muscle occurs in the
  _______________________
• It is composed of _______________________________,
  each with a single nucleus
• Is _______________________(but striations are
  hard to see)
• Cells are separated from each other by dense
  ______________________________
• Under ___________________________ control

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• Smooth muscle lines _____________________________
  blood vessels, digestive tract, urinary ducts,
  etc. usually in 2 layers - _____________________
  ___________________
• composed of _________________________________,
  each with a single nucleus
• _________________________
• under _______________________control

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IV. Nervous Tissue

• Nervous tissue consists of _______________________
  ___ specialized for
• reception of stimuli
• conduction of nerve impulses through the body.
• Nervous tissue will be discussed later with the
  Nervous System.

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The next level of organization is the organ. The
first organ we will examine in Biol 151 is the
skin.