The Growth of Civilizations

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The Growth of Civilizations

• c. 2000 B.C. A.D. 476

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Greecewww.portoveneziano.gr/ crete-map-en.jsp

• Geographically
• Southern part of the Balkan Peninsula
• Key geographical feature

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Aegean Seawww.hfac.uh.edu/ mcl/classics/greec.jpg

• Most jobs of Greek civilization were sea based
• Traders
• Fishermen

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Early Greek Peoples
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Minoanswww.cretashop.gr/br/ imagesbr/minoan20fre
sco.gif

• Located on island of Crete
• Economy trade
• Volcano 1628 empire starts to decline
• Defeated by the Mycenaeans

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Map of Ancient Greece
This map shows the Greek settlements c550 BC
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Mycenaeanswww.wsu.edu8080/.../
MODULES/MINOA/TITLE2.GIF

• Located on Greek mainland
• Controlled Greece from 1600-1200 B.C.

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Greek City-States

• Polis A Greek city-state

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Characteristics of city-states

• Small (in terms of land)
• Populations of
• Forts built on hills of cities (Acropolis)
• Agora
• Politically independent
• Greek speaking
• Saw non-Greeks as barbarians

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Religious Life

• Religion was used to explain nature
• Used to explain why emotions caused people to
  lose control
• Benefits
• Long life
• Good luck
• Good harvests

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Greek Gods
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Zeuswww.madisonastro.org/ astrophotos/play/zeus.g
if

• Chief God
• Lived on Mount Olympus

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Apollowww.students.sbc.edu/.../
apollo20belvedere.jpg

• Son of Zeus
• God of Light

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Athenaweb.mit.edu/.../www/ Europe2002/080402/Athe
na.JPG

• Daughter of Zeus
• Protector of Athens
• Goddess of Wisdom and Womanly Goodness

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Dionysusbrainstorm-services.com/
wcu-lit/oedipus-stept...

• God of fertility and wine

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Hermeswww.watson.org/leigh/hermes.jpg

• Messenger of the Gods
• Also the god of thieves, travelers, shepherds,
  and merchants

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Areswww.eduteka.org/proyectos/psique/images/ares.
jpg

• God of War

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Greek God Family Tree
www.angelfire.com/.../ familytree.html
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Governing City-States

• Each city-state ruled by a chieftain from hilltop
  fortresses
• Needed wealthy nobles because they had money to
  buy chariots, horses,and weapons to fight
• Thus, the aristocracy (rule by the upper class)
  was born

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Sparta vs. Athens

• Sparta
• Located on Peloponnesus
• Militaristic
• Whole life built around it
• Class system
• Equals decended from invaders rulers
• Half-Citizens
• Helots - slaves
• Ruled by two kings/Council of Elders

• Athens
• Located on the Attic Peninsula
• Mostly sea traders
• Society
• Citizens All Athenian born men
• Metics born outside paid taxes but could
  not participate in govt or own land
• Slaves
• Early government
• Governed by nine archons

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Important Greek Thinkers
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Dracowww.auburn.edu/downejm/ sp/alpcontents.html

• Believed to have created Athens first code of
  law
• Law harsh and severe
• Any laws now considered harsh today are referred
  to as Draconian

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Solonwww.nimispauci.com/ Laerce/SeptSages/Solon.j
pg

• Erased debt of poor
• Settled disputes between rich and poor
• Outlawed slavery for debt

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Peisistratuswww.learnline.de/angebote/
realideal/apotheose...

• Ruled Athens as tyrant with support of lower
  classes
• Economy improved

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Cleistheneswww.pbs.org/.../characters/
cleisthenes_p8.html

• Began democracy in Athens
• Divided Athens citizens into 10 tribes they
  chose 50 representatives - formed Council of
  Five Hundred

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Greek Expansion
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Persian Wars

• 500-479 B.C.

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Trouble begins inccwf.cc.utexas.edu/
perlman/myth/lecture15.html

• Ionia
• Ionian (Greek citizens in Asia Minor) rebel
  against Persian rule.
• Rebellion crushed but.

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Dariushome.att.net/ tabriz/newpage1.htm

• Wanted to punish Athens for the rebellion
• Invade Greece
• 1st major battle

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Battle of Marathon

• 490 B.C.
• Major upset Athenians although outnumbered win
• Phalanx
• Role of Pheidippides

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Second Invasionwww.2frompars.com/
Xerxes20(Khashayar20Shah).htm

• 480 B.C.
• This one led by Xerxes, son of Darius
• Two major battles
• Battle of Thermopylae
• Battle of Salamis

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Battle of Thermopylaewww.barca.fsnet.co.uk/
punic2-after-greece.htm

• Land battle which united all Greeks
• Persian attack through narrow mountain pass-
  eventually find way around
• 300 Spartan soldiers killed while Athenians
  returned home to save Athens

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joseph_pod.com/.../ id28.html
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Battle of Salamiswww.livius.org/he-hg/
herodotus/logos8_24.html

• Naval Battle of coast of the island of Salamis
• Athens won because their smaller ships were more
  mobile than the larger Persian ships
• Major victory for Athens

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Effects of the Persian Wars

• Persia weakens no longer the power of the area
• Athenian power increases leader of the new
  Delian League (league of independent Greek
  city-states) purpose was the protection of each
  of the city-states
• Athens got rich from Delian League monies

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Age of Pericles24.24.31.212/literature/
POL-HS-Pericles.htm

• 1st citizen of Greece world
• Began massive building projects
• Parthenon
• Took democracy to a new level
• Used Delian League money for building projects

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The Peloponnesian War

• Sparta vs. Athens
• 431 B.C. 404 B.C.

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Strengths

• Sparta
• Had greatest army in Greece

• Athens
• Had the strongest navy in Greece

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Purpose of War

• The Peloponnesus (Sparta) and Athens were both
  full of young men whose inexperience made them
  eager to take up arms.
• Thucydides

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Early Years of War

• Sparta begins invasion of Attica Peninsula
• Athenians withdraw behind walls of city
• Most cities would be besieged but not Athens
• Great Navy
• Long Walls
• Athens is decimated by a plague killing
  thousands including Pericles

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Athens begins to fall

• Athens attacks Syracuse (Sicily) driven back
  begins downward spiral of Athens
• Aristocracy overthrown democracy restored
  government weakened
• Eventually food supply cut off Athens forced to
  surrender in 404 B.C.

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Effects of the Peloponnesian Wars

• Greece becomes politically unstable
• Athens becomes second class city
• Sparta and Thebes try unsuccessfully to unite
  Greece
• Will eventually be united by an outside power

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Greeces Golden Age
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The Arts
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Architecture

• Showed the love of beauty in the buildings
• Temples
• gymnasiums
• Theatres
• Types of architecture are still used today
• Examples.

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Theatre in Athens www.spudles.com/travels/
Europe2002Pics/Athens...
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Painting

• Most original artwork has been lost or destroyed

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Sculpture

• Greatest sculptors
• Myron
• The Discus Thrower
• Phidias
• Zues
• Praxiteles
• Showed Greek love for the human body

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Greek Ideals

• Expressed in Art in four ways
• Greek art glorified human beings
• Art of Golden Age symbolized Greek pride in their
  city-states
• Expressed Greek beliefs in harmony, order, and
  moderation
• Expressed the Greek belief in combining beauty
  and usefulness

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Greek Philosophers

• Lovers of Wisdom

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Socrateslilt.ilstu.edu/jhreid/frenchculture/socra
tes.jpg

• Fell victim of frustrations of Athens loss in
  the Peloponnesian War
• Forced to drink hemlock
• Best known for Socratic Method

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Platowww.uh.edu/cfreelan/courses/Plato.JPEG

• Began school called the Academy continues for
  900 years
• Believed in an aristocracy

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Aristotlewww.hao.ucar.edu/.../
sp/images/aristotle.html

• Student of Plato
• Based everything on logical thought and processes

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Mathematics
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Pythagoraswww.uncletaz.com/norsktaz/pythagoras.jp
g

• Came up with the Pythagorean Theory
• A2 B2 C2

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Medicine
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Hippocrateshistorical-studies.ncl.ac.uk/images/au
x_images/hippocrates.jpg

• Father of Medicine
• Hippocratic Oath

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History
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Herodotuswww.losttrails.com/media/Herodotus/athen
s35-30b.jpg

• First known historian

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Thucydideswww.livius.org/a/1/greeks/thucydides.jp
g

• Historian whose greatest works surround the
  Peloponnesian War

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Drama

• Tragedies
• Comedies

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Macedonian Conquests of Greece
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Phillip II of Macedonetc.usf.edu/clipart/1200/125
4/philip2_1_lg.gif

• Called on by Isocrates (Greek Philosopher) to
  invade Greece for the purposes of unification
• Became Macedonian king in 359 B.C.
• Builds great army
• New phalanx
• Begins take over of Greece

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Downfall of Phillip II

• 337 B.C. Phil divorces wife and mother of
• Alexander and marries
  daughter
• daughter of high ranking
  member
• noble who has son to
  challenge Alexanders right to
  throne
• Former guardsman, Pausanias stabs Phillip
• Alexander takes the throne

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Alexander the Greatmurugan.org/research/alexander
-m.jpg

• Builds great empire
• South to Egypt and east to India
• Spreads Hellenistic culture
• Combination of Greek and eastern customs
• Dies in 328 B.C. after ruling only 12 years and 8
  months
• Empire begins to dismantle

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Hellenistic Achievements
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ArchitectureAlexanderia, Egypt
www.touregypt.net/village/alex3.jpg
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Astronomy and Geography