Class Arachnida, Order Acari mites and ticks.

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Class Arachnida Order Acari (mites and ticks).

• arachnids as parasites
• chiggers (mites) and ticks

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Differences Between Ticks and Mites

• Ticks are large with a toothed hypostome that is
  exposed. They have a Hallers organ.
• Mites are small usually microscopic and have a
  unarmed hidden hypostome. They dont have a
  Hallers organ.

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Pathogenesis attributable to Ticks

• Anemia
• Dermatosis
• Paralysis
• Otoacariasis
• Infections

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Family Ixodidae The Hard Ticks
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Family Ixodidae The Hard Ticks
Toothed Hypostome
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Tick Life Cycle
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Adult Male and Adult Female Tick after blood meal!
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Tick Larva
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Tick after Molting!
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Some Common Ticks
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Family Ixodidae The Hard Ticks
Anal Groove
Anal Groove
Festoons
Non-Ixodes genera
Ixodes spp.
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Boophilus annulatus The Bovine Tick
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One Host Life Cycle
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Rhipicephalus sanguineus The Brown Dog Tick
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Haemaphysalis leporispalustirs The rabbit tick
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Ixodes sp. Hard Tick
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Amblyomma americanum The Lone Star Tick
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Dermacentor variabilis The American Dog Tick
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Dermacentor variabilis The American Dog Tick
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D. andersoni The Rocky Mountain Wood Tick
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Three Host Life Cycle
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Family Argasidae The Soft Ticks
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Soft Ticks
Hard Tick
Soft Tick
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Soft Ticks
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Soft Ticks
Capitulum
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Soft tick life cycle
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Otobius species Spinose Ear Ticks Nymphs.
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Mites
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Chiggers Family Trombiculidae
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Chiggers Family TrombiculidaeMost bites are in
areas of tightly-fitting clothing
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Chiggers Family Trombiculidae

• Larva chiggers do not penetrate into the skin.
• After their mouthparts penetrate the epidermis
  these mites inject salivary secretions that are
  protolytic.
• Host cells harden under the influence of other
  salivary secretions to become a tube the
  stylostome and the chiggers use it as a straw.

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Chiggers Family Trombiculidae
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Chiggers (Acarina Trombiculidae Hannemania sp.)
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Chiggers (Acarina Trombiculidae Hannemania sp.)


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Chiggers (Acarina Trombiculidae)
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Fence Lizard Sceloporus undulatus
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Trombiculid mites Chiggers
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Subphylum Crustacea
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Subphylum Crustacea

• most are marine some terrestrial and freshwater
• head has 2 pairs of antennae
• appendages are primitively biramous
• (have 2 major branches)
• body divided into 2 tagmata

cephalothorax consists of the head and the
thorax
abdomen
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Subphylum Crustacea

• have mandibles 2 pairs of maxillae and 1 pair
  of legs per segment
• cephalothorax
• 2 pairs of antennae
• mandibles
• 1st and 2nd maxillae
• 3 pairs of maxillipeds
• variable pairs of walking legs
• abdomen
• usually has 6 segments
• variable of pairs of swimmerets
• last segment has a pair of uropods
• and a telson

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Subphylum CrustaceaParasitism
Parasitic isopods
Fish louse
Parasitic Amphipods
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Lernaea sp. Anchor Worm
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Lernaea sp. Anchor Worm
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Whale Lice Paracyamus sp.
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Phylum Pentastomida (Greek pente five stoma
mouth) or tongue worms
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Pentastomid Characteristics

• Obligatory parasites of amphibians reptiles
  birds and mammals.

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Pentastomid Characteristics

• Obligatory parasites of amphibians reptiles
  birds and mammals.
• Adults inhabit respiratory tracts (lungs nasal
  passages) of their hosts.

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Pentastomid Characteristics

• Obligatory parasites of amphibians reptiles
  birds and mammals.
• Adults inhabit respiratory tracts (lungs nasal
  passages) of their hosts.
• Adult appendages reduced to 2 pairs of head
  appendages lobe like and with chitinous claws
  used to cling to the host.

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Relationship of Pentastomes to other Phyla

• Pentastomes are actually really specialized
  crustaceans!
• They are most closely related to fish lice which
  are ectoparasites on fish.

Fish louse a crustacean
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3 year old Besenji dog was presented to a
veterinarian for castration
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Upon the removal of the scrotum and testes the
veterinarian found worms moving around freely in
the scrotum cavity.
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Armillifer sp.
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Definitive hosts of Armillifer sp.
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Radiograph of a normal dog
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Radiograph of the dog infected with Armillifer
sp. nymphs
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Three years later the dog finally died of liver
failure.
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Necropsy Findings!
Armillifer sp. nymphs
Dog Liver
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SP. Uniramia

• Tegmata head thorax abdomen or head and
  trunk
• Uniramous appendages
• Abdominal appendages lacking
• Respirate by tracheal system
• Mostly terrestrial
• One pair of antenna

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SP. Uniramia

• C Chilopoda
• C Diplopoda
• C Insecta

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C Insecta

• Head thorax abdomen
• 3 pairs of legs 2 pairs of wings
• Highly variable in forms
• Wings
• Legs
• Antennae
• Mouthparts
• gut

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Bauplane.g. grasshopper

• Body segments are composed of four plates
  (sclerites)
• Dorsal tergum
• Ventral sternum
• Sides (lateral) pleura

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Bauplane.g. grasshopper

• Head
• 1 pair of antennae
• Pair of Mandibles
• 2 pairs of maxillae
• Thorax
• 3 pairs of legs
• 2 pairs of wings
• Abdomen

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Metamorphosis

• The process of changing from one form to another
• Requires a number of molts
• Two types
• Holometabolous (complete) Larvae are generally
  of quite different structer and habit from adults
• Hemimetabolous (incomplete) gradual change from
  molt to molt

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Development in Insects
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Division Exopterygota
Hemimetabolous (incomplete metamorphosis)
ORDERS Order Hemiptera Order
Mallophaga Order Anoplura
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Division Exopterygota
Order Hemiptera
True bugs assassin bugs bedbugs
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Bat Bugs Cimex sp. (Cimicidae)
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Swallow Bugs Oeciacus vicarius (Cimicidae)
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Assassin Bugs or Kissing Bugs (Reduvidae)

• Large up to 34 mm.
• Some species found on the ground some in trees
  and some in human dwellings.
• Eggs are laid and have 5 nymphal instars.

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Trypanosoma cruzi
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• Epimastigotes transmitted through bug feces.
• Trypomastigotes found in the peripheral blood.
• Amastigotes reproduce in muscle cells.

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Epidemiology
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Dogs and Cats can serve as hosts!
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Dogs and Cats can serve as hosts!
Chickens serve as good blood source for bugs!
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Xenodiagnosis
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Division Exopterygota
Order Mallophaga and Anoplura
Chewing Lice and Sucking Lice
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Hatched Lice Eggs on Hair!
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Columbicola clumbae
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Hippoboscidae Louse Flies Pseudolynchia
canariensis
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Hippoboscidae Louse Flies Pseudolynchia
canariensis transports Columbicola clumbae
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Phthirus pubis The Crab Louse
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Haematomyzus elephantis
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Division Endopterygota
Holometabolous(complete metamorphosis)

• wings develop on the inside

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Division Endopterygota
Holometabolous (complete metamorphosis) ORDERS
Order Coleoptera Order Siphonaptera Order
Diptera
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Division Endoterygota
Order Coleoptera
beetles

• top pair of wings is modified into an armor-like
  covering called an elytra

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Darkling Beetles Family Tenebrionidae
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Family Silphidae The Carrion Beetles Nicrophorus
sp.
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Family Leiodidae Platypsyllus castoris
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Division Endoterygota
Order Siphonaptera
Fleas
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Posterior End of Male and Female Ctenocephalides
felis
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Cat Flea Life Cycle
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Human Disease and Fleas
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Human Disease and Fleas
Xenopsylla cheopis
Rattus ratus
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Human Disease and Fleas
Yersinia pestis and Bubonic Plague
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Human Disease and Fleas
14th Century Europe 25 million people died!
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Division Endoterygota
Order Diptera
Flies

• have only 1 pair of flying wings
• 2nd pair of wings are reduced to halteres used
  in balance

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SO Nematocera

• F Culicidae Mosquitoes

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Black Flies Family Simulidae
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SO Brachycera F Tabanidae
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My Fishing Boat
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These two kittens were found in the storage box
in the boat my mom is holding them.
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This particular cutie was interesting from a
parasitological perspective.
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The back of his head had an interesting lesion.
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This is a close up. Can you guess what it is
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Another close up!! I thought I knew what it was
so I pulled it out!!
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This is what popped out. A Cuterebra sp. The
rodent or rabbit bot from a 3 week old kitten!
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This is the ventral side of Cuterebra sp. note
the mouth hooks.
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This is the patient after surgery in the kitchen.

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The mom cat took him back unfortunately a owl
ate him some time later.
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Family Oestridae

• Nasal Stomach and Skin Bots
• Four Subfamilies (Cuterebrinae Oestrinae
  Hypodermatinae Gasterophilinae

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Third Stage Bot of Cuterebra sp.
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Dermatobia hominis
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Third Stage Bot and Pupa of Dermatobia hominis
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Oestrus ovis
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Third Stage Bot of Oestrus ovis
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Third Stage Deer Bot of Cephanemyia sp.
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Gasterophilus spp. The horse stomach bots.
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Third Stage Bot of Gasterophilus sp.
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Hypoderma bovis and Hypoderma lineatum The Heel
Flies Gadding in Cattle
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Third Stage Bot of Hypoderma sp.
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Sarcophagidae Flesh flies
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Characteristics of Third Stage Maggots of
Calliphoridae
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• Myiasis in amphibians is caused by larvae of
  dipterans of the families Sarcophagidae
  Chloropidae and Calliphoridae some of which can
  cause substantial mortality in their amphibian
  hosts.

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Bufolucilia bufonivora
Photo by Reichenbach-Klinke and Elkan 1965.
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Bufolucilia bufonivora

• When female flies are placed among frogs toads
  and salamanders they oviposit almost exclusively
  on toads.

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Bufolucilia bufonivora

• When female flies are placed among frogs toads
  and salamanders they oviposit almost exclusively
  on toads.
• Female flies deposit eggs on the surface of the
  amphibians skin usually on the back and eggs
  hatch within 24 hr.

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Bufolucilia bufonivora

• When female flies are placed among frogs toads
  and salamanders they oviposit almost exclusively
  on toads.
• Female flies deposit eggs on the surface of the
  amphibians skin usually on the back and eggs
  hatch within 24 hr.
• First stage larvae migrate along the toads back
  until they reach the eyes enter the lacrimal
  ducts and migrate to the nasal cavity.

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Bufolucilia bufonivora
Drawings by Zumpt 1965.
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Bufolucilia species in North America

• Two species of calliphorids in the genus
  Bufolucilia have been reported to cause myiasis
  in North American amphibians B. silvarum a
  Palearctic and Nearctic species and B. elongata a
  Nearctic species.

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Weekly prevalence and mean intensity of
Bufolucilia silvarum in juvenile eastern American
toads from southeastern Wisconsin.
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Posterior spiracles of third instars.
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The cephalopharingela skeleton of third instars.
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American toad with recently deposited calliphorid
eggs.
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American toad with recently deposited calliphorid
eggs.
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1st stage instar of Bufolucilia silvarum.
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All toads possessed a single lesion.
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Within 2 days of infection an open wound appeared
on the animals with the posterior spiracles of
maggots being visible.
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All toads possessed a single lesion and here
maggots congregated and fed as a group.
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3rd instars continued to feed on the carcass but
did not consume it before migrating out and
actively seeking a suitable area to pupate.
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After leaving the carcass 3rd stage instars
actively searched for a secluded area to pupate.
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3rd instars migrating into moist sand.
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3rd instars migrated into moist sand.
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3rd instars turn into pupae within 2-3 days of
emergence out of the toad remains.
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Flies began emerging within 7-9 days.
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Fully formed fly.
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Male B. silvarum Female B.
silvarum
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Flies feeding.
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Species of Bufolucilia reported to cause myiasis
in North American amphibians.
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Metamorphosed wood frog August 23 2003.
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Metamorphosed wood frog with recently deposited
B. silvarum eggs.
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3rd instars reduce the carcass of dead frogs
within a day of death.
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The only thing that is left is bones!! Maggots
reduce the carcass to bones within 42-59 hr of
eggs hatching.
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Hippoboscidae (Louse Flies) Keds of sheep deer
pigeons
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Hippoboscidae (Louse Flies) Keds of sheep deer
pigeons

• Life cycle - Females give birth to a larva that
  is fully developed and immediately pupates
  attached to wool (larvaposite).
• Transmission is by direct contact with peak
  population in cool weather. Similar to lice.
  Some species have wings and can fly to host.

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Hippoboscidae (Louse Flies) Keds of sheep
deer pigeons

• Pathology - bites are very irritating and cause
  scratching.
• feces of insect stains wool.
• heavily infested animals show emaciation anemia
  and unthriftiness especially lambs.