Bio on

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Lecture 40

• Bio on
• Charles Babbage

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Charles Babbage1792-1871
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Babbagemade the first digital computer
It did not work. It was not completed or
constructed

• The electronic engine that would drive the
  computer was not invented yet.

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Howard Aiken a Harvard graduate student found his
writings in 1937

• With the help of IBM Aiken was able to build the
  first computer called the Mark I

Two years later the EMIAC computer was built
which was the electronic calculating machine
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Charles Babbage also invented

• Cow catcher
• Dynometer
• Standard railroad gauge
• Occulating light for light houses
• Hated Street Musicians

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• Babbage said
• Miracles are not the breach of established laws,
  but indicate the existence of far higher laws

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HomeworkRead pages 468 to 477do problems 1-12
page 477problemGas Stoichiometery handout 40
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Exam will be on Wednesday and Thursday of next
week
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Solutions

• A Homogenous mixture of 2 or more substances
• We are not talking about a suspension or colloid
  where the substances are held in solution
  temporarily by forcing the mixing.

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What makes up these solutionsAlloysaqueous
solutionGravel
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Concentrated or real ready to drink
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In your body the concentration can not be off by
the smallest degree for some substances
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Water soluble vs fat soluble vitamins

• Vitamin C
• Vitamin E

Vital amines vitamines
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What is concentration

• The concentration of a solution is a measure of
  the amount of solute in a given amount of solvent
  or solution.

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solvent

• The solvent is the dissolving medium in a
  solution

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solute

• The solute is the substance dissolved in a
  solvent

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The substance in a solution that is present in
the greater amount is the solvent. The substance
present in the lesser amount is called the solute
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Most liquid mixtures involve a solid and a liquid

• Liquid is the solvent
• Solid is the solute

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If two liquids are mixed then they are either
miscible or immiscible

• Miscible means they mix and stay mixed
• Immiscible means they do not stay mixed

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Show example of each

• Oil and water
• Water and alcohol
• Put alcohol in different pigment then water red
  and yellow

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Why do some things dissolve and others do not?

• The entire concept of dissolving is centered
  around the very simple idea of attraction between
  particles.

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What allows enables and permits individual
molecules to stick together?????

• Positive and negative charges

Polar molecules stick
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Picture a bucket of magnets again

• They will clump

What about a bucket full of plastic nonpolar
spheres?
What about a bucket half filled with magnets and
half with plastic spheres
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do the plastic spheres and magnets mix or are
the pink plastic balls sticking together? Are
the pink plastic balls afraid of the magnets
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hydrophobic
Water afraid

• hydrophilic

Water lover
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So two polar substances will mix by virtue of the
and attractionand two non polar things will
mix because they are invisible to one another
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Like dissolves like

• Polar adheres to polar
• Nonpolar ignores nonpolar

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• So How are concentrations measured?

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Alcohol
proof
percent

• Fluoride in water

ppm
Orange juice
percent
chemicals
molarity
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Molarity

• Is how we express how concentrated something is
  Moles per liter

One mole of sugar in one liter of water is that
very concentrated?
A mole of sugar weighs C6H12O6
180
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Molarity

• Molarity is a ratio moles per liter

Can you make a molar solution --- its a one
mole in a liter of solution
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Molarity is important because if we know the
molarity and how much we have we can figure the
number of moles in the solution
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For example a one molar solution of NaCl

• has how many grams of NaCl per Liter of
  solution.

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A 4 M solutions of NaCl in H2O means

• 4 moles or how many grams of NaCl in each liter
  of H2O.

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If 20 grams of NaCl is added to a 1 liter
solution then what is the molar value of the
solution???
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Demo on making a molar solution
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You have 3.50 L of solution that contains 90 g of
NaCl. What is the molarity of the solution?

• Given 90g NaCl
• solution vol. 3.5 L
• unknown molarity of NaCl

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What volume of 3.00 M NaCl is needed for a
reaction that requires 146.3 g NaCl?
How many moles 146.3 g NaCl
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• How many moles of HCl are contained in 1.45 L of
  2.25 M solution?

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In order to set up for a lab were 4 liters of a
3 molar solution of NaCl is needed, what mass of
NaCl is needed.
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The matter will go into solution

• We have discussed how a polar solution like water
  or alcohol can take apart a condensed polar
  substance by surrounding the individual particles.

Remember the bucket of magnets and plastic balls
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Hydration of salt in water
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Hydration of salt in water
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Hydration of salt in water
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Hydration of salt in water
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Hydration of water
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Hydration of water
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What happens when you put a piece of nonpolar
substance in the water
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The tight association of the polar exclude the
nonpolar and the condensation of the polar
isolate the nonpolar
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Mix oil and water in plastic dish

• Hydrophobic vs hydrophilic
• Nonpolar vs polar

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Which molecule is soluble in water
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Supposed your mom wanted you to pick up spilled
plastic beads with a magnet. How would you
do it?
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So how can you hydrate a nonpolar substance?

• Enter Soap

Soap is a way to hydrate a nonpolar substance
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soap
Non Polar end
Polar end   Hydrophobic end hydrophilic
end  
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The Nonpolar end becomes imbedded into the
nonpolar substance

• The polar end sticks out Like a Ham with pepper
  corns

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This is like having a plastic ball and driving
nails into the ball giving the ball a metallic
characteristics
Detergent hydrating a oil droplet
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Show overhead of soap
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Show pepper on water

• Show boat on water
• The boat is in the spring and is pulled by the
  springs in front when the rear springs are broken

Show oil on water with soap
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There is a limit to how much of a solute will go
into solution

• The point where you can not put any more in is
  called the saturation point.

If a solution can accept more of a solvent it is
considered unsaturated
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We can convey the degree of solubility

• A lot dissolves in water concentrated
• Not very much dissolves in water dilute

Solubility is the amount of a substance that is
needed to saturate a solution at a particular
temperature
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When you first place a molecule in a solution
then if the solution can be dissolved it will go
into solution
unsaturated
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At equilibrium there are as many red molecules
going into solution as there is red molecules
going out of solution
saturated
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If you cool a substance down and a molecule must
come out of solution then it is considered
temporally supersaturated until equilibrium is
again reached
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• Is carbon tetrachloride, CCl4, soluble in water?
• Is dimethyl ether, CH3OCH3, soluble in water?
• Is ethanol, CH3CH2OH, soluble in water?
• Is propane, CH3CH2CH3, soluble in water?
• 
  

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• Keeping in mind that "Like Dissolves Like", which
  of the following compounds would be
• the most soluble in a nonpolar solvent such as
  carbon tetrachloride, CCl4?
• A) H2O
• B) CH3OH
• C) CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2OH
• D) CH3CH2CH2OH

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NaCl 35.7g NaCl in 100 g H2O at 0OC

• NaOH 42.0 g in 100 g H2O at 0OC
• FeCl3 74.4g in 100 g H2O at 0OC
• MgSO 22.0 g in 100 g H2O at 0OC
• C6H12O6 179.2g in 100 g H2O at 0OC

Degree of Solubility g per 100g H2O at a given
temp
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What factors affect how soluble something is

• How hot the solvent is
• Polarity, How easy a block of substance is
  broken by the solvent or goes into solution
• The surface area of the solute

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Solubility curve
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Solubility of sugar in water