Historical Overview

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Chapter 1

• Historical Overview

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The Early Period Up to 1940

• 3,000 years ago Mathematics, logic, and
  numerical computation
• Important contributions made by the Greeks,
  Egyptians, Babylonians, Indians, Chinese, and
  Persians
• Cuneiform
• Stone abacus
• http//www.thocp.net/slideshow/0469.htm

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ABACUS

• Early calculating devices
• ABACUS 2700 BC (Mesopotamia)

http//www.computersciencelab.com/ComputerHistory/
History.htm
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DaVinci

• 1452-1519 Leonardo DaVinci sketched gear-driven
  calculating machines but none were ever built.

http//www.computersciencelab.com/ComputerHistory/
History.htm
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Napiers Bones

• 1614 Logarithms
• Invented by John Napier to simplify difficult
  mathematical computations

http//www.computersciencelab.com/ComputerHistory/
History.htm
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Slide Rule
Around 1622 First slide rule created
http//www.computersciencelab.com/ComputerHistory/
History.htm
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The Early Period Up to 1940

• 1672 The Pascaline
• Designed and built by Blaise Pascal (age 19)
• One of the first mechanical calculators
• Could do addition and subtraction
• 6 digit model

http//www.computersciencelab.com/ComputerHistory/
History.htm
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The Pascaline One of the Earliest Mechanical
Calculators
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Pascaline

• It opened to show the rotating wheels and gears
  which displayed the result.

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The Early Period Up to 1940

• 1674 Leibnitzs Wheel
• Constructed by Gottfried Leibnitz
• Mechanical calculator
• Could do addition, subtraction, multiplication,
  and division

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The Early Period Up to 1940

• 1801 The Jacquard loom
• Developed by Joseph Jacquard
• Automated loom
• Used punched cards to create desired pattern

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The Early Period Up to 1940
Jacquards Loom
Also see http//www.computersciencelab.com/Compute
rHistory/HistoryPt2.htm
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The Early Period Up to 1940

• 1823 The Difference Engine
• Developed by Charles Babbage
• Did addition, subtraction, multiplication, and
  division to 6 significant digits
• Solved polynomial equations and other
• complex mathematical problems

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Difference engine
http//www.youtube.com/watch?v0anIyVGeWOI
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The Early Period Up to 1940

• 1830s The Analytic Engine
• Designed by Charles Babbage
• More powerful and general-purpose computational
  machine- similar to todays computers
• Components were functionally similar to the four
  major components of todays computers
• Mill (modern terminology arithmetic/logic unit)
• Store (modern terminology memory)
• Operator (modern terminology processor)
• Output (modern terminology input/output)

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The Early Period Up to 1940

• First Programmer
• Ada Augusta Byron, Countess of Lovelace

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The Early Period Up to 1940 (continued)

• 1890 U.S. census carried out with programmable
  card processing machines
• Built by Herman Hollerith - later developed a
  company
• 1924 company called IBM
• These machines could automatically read, tally,
  and sort data entered on punched cards

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Punched cards
http//www.computersciencelab.com/ComputerHistory/
HistoryPt2.htm
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The Early Period Up to 1940 (continued)

• Tabulating Machine 1890

http//www.youtube.com/watch?v9HXjLW7v-IIfeature
related
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The Birth of Computers 19401950

• Development of electronic, general-purpose
  computers
• Did not begin until after 1940
• Was fueled in large part by needs of World War II
• Early computers
• Mark I
• ENIAC
• ABC system
• Colossus
• Z1

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The Birth of Computers 19401950

• Mark I
• General-purpose, electromechanical programmable
  computer that used a mix of relays, magnets, and
  gears to process and store data

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Grace Hopper

• Developed the first compiler
• Assembly Language
• Cobol
• Was part of the development team for the
  government language Ada
• http//www.thocp.net/biographies/hopper_grace.html

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The Birth of Computers 19401950

• ENIAC
• (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator)
• Completed in 1946 by John Mauchly and
• J. Presper Eckert at the University of
• Pennsylvania
• First fully electronic general-purpose
  programmable computer

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The Birth of Computers 19401950

• ENIAC
• Contained 18,000 vacuum tubes
• Nearly filled a building (100 feet long, 10 feet
  high and weighed 30 tons)
• 1000 times faster than the MARK 1
• Processed more information in its 90 hour
  lifetime than all the data from the dawn of
  civilization until 1946.

http//www.seas.upenn.edu/about-seas/eniac/ http/
/www.youtube.com/watch?vwGIteTE9glQ http//www.yo
utube.com/watch?vVAnhFNJgNYYfeaturerelated
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Photograph of the ENIAC Computer
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Replacing a vacuum tube in the ENIAC
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Programming the ENIAC
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.and still programming
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The Birth of Computers 19401950

• Stored program computer model
• Proposed by John Von Neumann in 1946
• Stored binary algorithm in the computers memory
  along with the data
• Is known as the Von Neumann architecture
• Modern computers remain, fundamentally, Von
  Neumann machines
• First stored program computers
• EDVAC
• EDSAC

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The Birth of Computers 19401950

• John Von Neumann
• Sometimes called the Father of the Modern
  Computer
• Proposed a radically different computer design
  based on a model called the stored program
  computer
• Research group at the University of Pennsylvania
  built one of the first stored program computers,
  called EDVAC, in 1951

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The Modern Era 1950 to the Present

• First generation of computing (1950-1959)
• Used vacuum tubes to store data and programs
• Each computer was multiple rooms in size
• Computers were not very reliable

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The Modern Era 1950 to the Present (continued)

• Second generation of computing (1959-1965)
• Replaced vacuum tubes by transistors and magnetic
  cores
• Dramatic reduction in size
• Computer could fit into a single room
• Increase in reliability of computers
• Reduced costs of computers
• High-level programming languages
• The programmer occupation was born

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The Modern Era 1950 to the Present (continued)

• Third generation of computing (1965-1975)
• Used integrated circuits rather than individual
  electronic components
• Robert Noyce invents the microchip
• (See http//www.thocp.net/slideshow/1971.htm)
• Further reduction in size and cost of computers
• Computers became desk-sized
• First minicomputer developed
• Software industry formed

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The Modern Era 1950 to the Present (continued)

• Fourth generation of computing (1975-1985)
• Reduced to the size of a typewriter
• First microcomputer developed
• Desktop and personal computers common
• Appearance of
• Computer networks
• Electronic mail
• User-friendly systems (Graphical user interfaces)
• Embedded systems

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The Altair 8800, the Worlds First Microcomputer
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Beginnings of the Apple Computer http//www.digiba
rn.com/history/06-11-4-VCF9-Apple30/panel/slides/i
ndex.html
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The Modern Era 1950 to the Present (continued)

• Fifth generation of computing (1985-?)
• Recent developments
• Massively parallel processors
• Handheld devices and other types of personal
  digital assistants (PDAs)
• High-resolution graphics
• Powerful multimedia user interfaces incorporating
  sound, voice recognition, touch, photography,
  video, and television
• Entertainment industry, gaming, virtual reality

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The Modern Era 1950 to the Present (continued)

• Recent developments (continued)
• Integrated global telecommunications
  incorporating data, television, telephone, FAX,
  the Internet, and the World Wide Web
• Wireless data communications
• Massive storage devices
• Ubiquitous computing
• Cloud computing

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Some of the Major Advancements in Computing
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Some of the Major Advancements in Computing
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Summary

• Computer science is the study of algorithms
• An algorithm is a well-ordered collection of
  unambiguous and effectively computable operations
  that, when executed, produces a result and halts
  in a finite amount of time
• If we can specify an algorithm to solve a
  problem, then we can automate its solution
• Computers developed from mechanical calculating
  devices to modern electronic marvels of
  miniaturization

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Organization of the Text into a Six-Layer
Hierarchy
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Resources

• Computer History
• http//www.computerhistory.org/timeline/
• http//lecture.eingang.org/
• http//www.cis.usouthal.edu/faculty/daigle/project
  1/timeline.htm
• http//www.warbaby.com/FG_test/Timeline.html
• Computer History Museums
• http//www.computerhistory.org/
• http//www.cs.virginia.edu/brochure/museum.html
• http//www.digibarn.com/
• Eniac
• http//www.seas.upenn.edu/about-seas/eniac/
  (museum)
• http//www.columbia.edu/acis/history/eniac1.jpg
• http//www.library.upenn.edu/exhibits/rbm/mauchly/
  img/eniac3.jpg