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The Land and Its Early People

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Oral: stories or narratives passed down from older generations to ... Excavations: archeological diggings. Horticulture: science of growing plants and trees ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: The Land and Its Early People


1
Chapter 2
  • The Land and Its Early People

2
History
  • Written began in Africa about 6000 years ago.
  • Oral stories or narratives passed down from
    older generations to younger generations.
  • Traditions, beliefs, folklore,
  • Thanksgiving table
  • Crazy Uncle
  • Culture describes the beliefs, traditions,
    music, art and social institutions of a group of
    people,

3
Early America
  • Christopher Columbus
  • Thought he was in the East Indies Indians
  • Believed to have come from Asia 30,000 years
    earlier.
  • New World
  • North AND South America

Nina, Pinta, and the Santa Maria
4
Archaeologists v. Anthropologists
  • Archaeologists study the artifacts and fossils
    to learn about the life and people of early
    times.
  • Anthropologists study the development of human
    culturePaint us a picture of the times.
  • Carbon 14 Testing used to help date artifacts
    and fossils
  • Dr. W.F. Libby

5
Land Bridge
  • During the Ice Age, the sea level was much lower
    than todayforming a Land Bridge between Asia
    and North America.
  • Nomadic tribes followed the animal herds across
    this bridge becoming the Early Indian cultures of
    America.

6
Indian Cultures-PAWM
  • 4 Indian Cultures (Tribes)
  • Paleo 10,000 years ago
  • Archaic 8000BC to 1000BC
  • Early , Middle, Late
  • Woodland 1000BC to 1000AD
  • Mississippian 700AD to 1600AD

7
PALEO
  • Earliest known Indian culture.
  • Paleolithic Age (Very old)
  • Tools and weapons made mostly of stone
  • Nomadic roaming hunters who followed animals for
    food.
  • Mammoths, bison, sloth
  • Hunting methods included chasing off cliffs
    (Bones)
  • Paleo Sites in Georgia
  • Flint, Savannah, Ocmulgee

8
ARCHAIC
  • Early (8000-5000BC)
  • The larger game slowly became extinct forcing the
    Indians to hunt smaller animals.
  • Deer, rabbit, turkey, fish
  • Spears and points became smaller
  • Archeologists found weapons made of rock not
    found in GA.
  • Trade or Migration
  • Fall lived where berries, nuts fruits were
    available
  • Summer good fishing locations
  • Spring Winter migrated for other food sources.

9
ARCHAIC
  • Middle (5000-4000BC)
  • As areas grew drier and warmer, coastlines and
    riverbeds became exposed mussels, clams, and
    shellfish.
  • Hooks made of animal bone for fishing
  • Longer/lighter spears traveled farther and more
    accurateno longer needed to hunt as often.
  • Small groups begin to join together outside the
    family structure

10
ARCHAIC
  • Late (4000-1000BC)
  • Discovery of grooved axe with wooden handle.
  • Excavations archeological diggings
  • Horticulture science of growing plants and trees
  • Saving seeds
  • Stallings Island mound of mussel and clam
    shellsburial grounds, fire hearths, pipes, axes
    and shell beads
  • Villages were becoming more permanent.

Stallings Island Excavation Site
11
POTTERY
  • One of the greatest contributions the Archaic
    Indians made to advancement of civilization.
  • Allowed for the storing and preservation of food,
    causing Indians to stay in one place longer!

Broken Pottery with engravings
12
WOODLAND
  • Several families or camps would come together to
    form TRIBES
  • A group of people who share a common ancestry,
    name, and way of life
  • Bow and Arrow made of stone, shark teeth and
    antlers.
  • Pottery made to last longer
  • Mixed with sand and dried in sun
  • Evidence of religious ceremonies
  • Burial Mounds
  • Rock Eagle Mound made of quartz in the shape of
    a bird.
  • No Explanationtheory.

13
MISSISSIPPAIN
  • Temple Mound Period
  • Highest prehistoric civilization in Georgia
  • First discovered villages along the Mississippi
    River
  • Villages, towns, and farms
  • Practiced a religion
  • Evidence of Civilization
  • Grow most of their food
  • Crop rotation- plant in different fields
    (replenish nutrients)
  • Jewelry, tattoos, hair styles, elaborate clothes
  • Settlements with protective fences and moats
  • Religious centers to village
  • DISAPPEARED without a traceDisease, enemies?

14
MISSISSIPPIAN
  • Ocmulgee National Monument
  • Ceremonial lodge built of red clay
  • Used for religious and village meetings
  • Etowah Indian Mounds
  • 7 pyramid-shaped mounds
  • Graves and bodies found
  • Carved marble statues
  • Kolomoki Indian Mounds
  • 300 acres with one mound, 50 feet high, 320 feet
    long
  • Many workers using primitive tools over a long
    period of time.

Etowah Indian Mounds
15
Cherokee Creek Confederacy
  • Confederacy Nation
  • 14 Tribes of with similar language and way of
    living
  • Called Creek by the Europeans because that is
    where they were found to be living.
  • Coweta War town (Columbus)
  • Tribal war decisions were made here
  • Cusseta Peace town (Ft. Benning)
  • Tribal peace plans and treaties were discussed
    here
  • Took on some of the European lifestyles
  • GOVERNMENT

16
Creek and Cherokee Lifestyles
  • Villages on high banks
  • Rich soil
  • Water
  • Defensive
  • Fish
  • Houses
  • Religious Ceremonies
  • Games Recreation
  • Swimmer Cherokee medicine man who related his
    stories to anthropologists into written history.

17
Indian Belief Systems
  • Gods and spirits
  • Cleanse themselves
  • In and Out
  • Believed in an Afterlife
  • Brave warriors and faithful women rewarded
  • Cowards and thieves punished

18
This World
  • Believed they were on an island
  • Hung from the sky by 4 cords
  • East-Red (life and success)
  • West-Black (death)
  • North-Blue (cold, trouble, defeat)
  • South-White (warmth, happiness, peace)
  • Each tribe thought it to be the center of the
    universe
  • Orderly and predictable
  • Did not like change
  • Illness and bad luck came to those who misbehaved.

19
Laws and ceremonies
  • Purification of ones self
  • Inside black tea
  • Outside sweat house/cold stream
  • Green Corn Ceremony
  • To give thanks and to forgive wrongs done to
    them Murder was not forgiven!
  • Law of Retaliation (Most Important)
  • A person harmed has the right to harm the first
    in a similar manner
  • An eye for an eye

20
Upper World v. Under World
  • Upper World
  • Order and expectation
  • Pure
  • Sky vault
  • Controlled day/night
  • Under World
  • Disorder and change
  • Below the water
  • Cannibals, ghosts and witches

21
Gods and Spirits
Kanati
GHOST
22
Gods and Spirits
  • Sun (Female)
  • Power of night and day
  • Life and breath
  • Kind hearted and watched over this world
  • Moon (Male)
  • Suns brother
  • Rain and fertility
  • Kanati (Male)
  • Red man who lived in the sky vault in the East
  • Voice of thunder
  • Long Man (Male)
  • River
  • Head rested in the hills and feet in the lowlands
  • Lesser Beings
  • Underworld
  • Treated with honor to avoid spread of disease
  • The Immortals
  • Invisible
  • Lived in the mountains
  • Cherokee legend drove away attacking tribes
  • Little People
  • Short with long hair
  • Mischievousinsanity
  • Ghosts
  • Spirits that would cause illness and disease
  • Murdered spirits stay until avenged

23
Animals
  • Deer greatest 4-footed animal
  • Birds Sacred as they came in contact with Upper
    World
  • Eagle Peace and order
  • Falcon Eyesight
  • Turkey Buzzard Healing
  • Turkey/Red-Bellied Woodpecker War
  • Rattlesnake
  • Meat fierce
  • Rattles scare enemies
  • Oil sore joints
  • Fangs draw blood/healing
  • Bones necklaces
  • Owl a witch due to humanlike eyes

24
BEAR
Smarter than the average bear!
  • Believed to be once a man who failed to avenge
    wrongs done to his people.
  • Indians asked all animals for forgiveness EXCEPT
    for the bear, because they were men being
    punished and did not deserve Indian respect!
  • Go CHIEFSBEAT the Grizzlies!!!

25
PLANTS
  • Friends to humans
  • Corn (MAIZE)
  • Most important
  • Plants used in ceremony and healing
  • Bear Grass Root snakebites and rheumatism
  • Ginseng shortness of breath/stop bleeding
  • Angelica Root back pain
  • Spicebush tea cleaned blood
  • TABACCO special plant used in ceremonial
    purposes asking for blessings from the Gods.
  • Pure, white smoke rose to the Upper World

26
Indian Society
  • Mother-centered Family Systems
  • Women at the center of clans (Related by blood)
  • Women had a voice in anything that affected the
    tribe
  • Child is only related by blood to is mother
  • Mothers brothers (uncles) acted as the father
    figure

27
Indian Government
  • Clan who could marry punish wrongs
  • Village headman and elders made up council
  • Advised tribal chief
  • Tribe some had 2 chiefs (War Peace)
  • Many villages
  • Nation or Confederacy
  • Many tribes

28
Indian Words of Georgia
  • Dahlonega Yellow Money (Cherokee)
  • Chickamauga sluggish or dead water
  • Ocmulgee babbling water (Cherokee)
  • Chatooga He has crossed the river and come out
    on the other side
  • Tallulah awesome (Cherokee)

29
Credits
  • Page 1 http//www.cr.nps.gov/seac/paleoind.htm
  • Page 1 http//www.cr.nps.gov/seac/archaic.htm
  • Page 3 http//www.sailtexas.com/columbusships2.jp
    g
  • Page 4 http//www.usd.edu/anth/midarch/archdo.htm
  • Page 4 http//www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/200
    5-01/iu-af4011705.php
  • Page 5 http//www.alaskancities.com/
  • Page 7 http//www.uark.edu/depts/contact/paleo.ht
    ml
  • Page 8 http//bama.ua.edu/alaarch/prehistoricala
    bama/archaic.htm
  • Page 9 http//www.fotosearch.com/IMP163/ingfmysb0
    011/
  • Page 10 http//web.clas.ufl.edu/users/sassaman/pa
    ges/research/stallings/StalPage.htm
  • Page 11 http//www.jefpat.org/diagnostic/Prehisto
    ric_Ceramic_Web_Page/Prehistoric20Ware20Descript
    ions/Townsend_Series_Images.htm
  • Page 12 http//bama.ua.edu/alaarch/prehistorical
    abama/woodland.htm
  • Page 14 http//notatlanta.org/etowahmounds.html
  • Page 14 http//www.cr.nps.gov/seac/delta.htm

30
Credits 2
  • Page 16 http//cherokeehistory.com/image1.html
  • Page 17 http//www.cherokeeswestern.com/artgaller
    y1.htm
  • Page 20 http//www.cherokeescouter.org/camps/cher
    okee/Camp20Cherokee20Totem20Pole.htm
  • Page 21 http//www.meredith.edu/nativeam/kanati_
    _selu.htm
  • Page 21 http//www.manataka.org/page77.html
  • Page 21 http//www.netaxs.com/mhmyers/moon.tn.ht
    ml
  • Page 21 http//www.afunk.com/other/realghostbuste
    rs/
  • Page 23 http//www.travel2canada.com/pics/hide/de
    er.jpg
  • Page 23 http//www.owlpages.com/species/otus/sedu
    ctus/balsas_screech1.html
  • Page 24 http//members.aol.com/PaulEC2/yogi.html
  • Page 26 http//www.aprint4all.com/images/Native2
    0American20Wife.jpg
  • Page 27 http//www.csulb.edu/depts/history/defaul
    t/ugrad/pflegerS01/images/AmIndLanguageMap.jpg
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