Military Role in Modern Peace Support Operations

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Military Role in Modern Peace Support Operations

• Requirements Based Training Education for PSO
  Seminar
• Phnom Penh, Cambodia
• 2-6 July 2007

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EVOLUTION OF UN PEACEKEEPING

• Traditional peacekeeping
• Implementation of Complex Agreements and
  Settlements
• Preventive Deployment
• Observation of a Non-UN Peacekeeping Force
• Co-deployment with Regional Peacekeeping Forces
• Provision of Humanitarian Aid
• Peace Enforcement

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PEACE CONFLICT WAR
PEACEKEEPING
ENFORCEMENT
Chapter VII
Chapter VI
Action with Respect to Threats to the Peace,
Breaches of the Peace, and Acts of Aggression
Pacific Settlement of Disputes
Chapter VIII Regional Arrangements
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1990s PSO ENVIRONMENT

• Intra-state conflict
• Governments ineffective or not in control
• Factional political groupings leadership
• State infrastructure broken down
• Judicial police breakdown
• Military factions warlords
• Weapons proliferation
• There are no rules
• Intermingled with populations
• Full range of civilian agencies / NGOs

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CHAPTER VI VII OPERATIONS
Chapter VI
Chapter VII
PKO assists in consolidating the peace
PKO enforces the will of the SC

• Parties request assistance
• Commit to peaceful resolution
• Political will of the parties
• Consent to the operation
• Effective cease-fire
• Comprehensive agreement
• Parties assist the deployment
• Signature of SOFA

• Conflict is ongoing
• Risk of renewed conflict high
• Parties not in agreement
• Risky internal situation
• Rogue elements not included
• Risk of external intervention
• Presence of foreign forces
• Self defense judged insufficient
• Legal basis for intervention needed
• SOFA

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PEACE
CONFLICT
WAR

• War Fighting
• Real Enemy
• Rules well known
• Unlimited application of force
• Doctrinal preparation
• Clear Military Objectives
• Complete training
• Fight to win - as units

Primary Purpose of
all Military Forces is to
protect national interests
across the spectrum of conflict

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PEACE
CONFLICT
WAR
Peace Support Operations

• War Fight Skills
• Real Enemy
• Rules well known
• Unlimited application of force
• Doctrinal preparation
• Clear Military Objectives
• Complete training
• Fight to win - as units

• Politizied operations
• No enemy
• No rules (factions)
• Restricted application of force
• Individuals impact on mission
• High levels of civilian components
• Mediation - negotiation
• Financial Constraints

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PEACE CONFLICT
WAR

Peace Support Operations

• Communication
• Negotiation
• Presence
• Potential
• As a Last Resort War fighting Skills

Fire Movement
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UN MANDATED OPERATIONS

• COALITION OF THE WILLING / MNF
• UN mandate authorizes the mission
• Lead nation generates the forces
• Lead Nation appoints Force Commander
• Participating Nations pay all costs
• Lead Nation coordinates provides day to day
  political direction
• Lead Nation coordinates provides ROE
• UN FORCE
• UN sponsored mission
• UN generates the forces
• UN appoints Force Commander
• Mission paid by assessed contributions
• Political direction by UN (through DPKO)
• UN ROE

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MILITARY ROLESACHIEVING OVERALL PSO MISSION END
STATE OBJECTIVES
Primary
Achieve assigned military objectives
Additional

• Support other components as directed
• Assist other components achieve their objectives
• Cause related military objectives to be achieved

Mission analysis will determine priorities and
sequence of military activities
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OPERATIONAL PHASES
MILITARY
CRISIS
STABILISATION
CIVILIAN
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Traditional peacekeeping operations of the
kind deployed during the Cold War are unlikely to
be repeated. Peacekeeping today requires not
only re-thinking the means but also the methods
of implementing mandates set out by the Security
Council. Secretary-General
Kofi Annan 1998
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CHANGING PRECEPTIONS

• Revision of principles
• Sovereignty
• Consent

• Impartial status

• Broader range of tasks

• Time constraints

• Limitations on
• Resources
• Political effort
• Military sacrifice

• Humanitarian Basis
• for Intervention

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NO MILITARY SOLUTION

• End state can only be political, economic and
  social in nature

• Expensive tool

• Military can
• temporize
• maintain situation
• reduce levels of violence
• induce compliance

• Blunt instrument of political power

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PSO PERCEPTIONS IN 2000

• Chapter VII Operations will be the norm
• Multi-dimensional, Multi-national Operations
• Focus on Integrated Political, Economic and
  Social Solutions
• Integration of Tasks under One Mandate
• Full Range of Civilian Intervention
• New Coordination Mechanism
• Broader Range of Military Tasks
• Complementary Roles for Components

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CHAPTER VII ERAThe Decision to Use Enforcement
Power

• Conflict is ongoing
• High risk that conflict may start again
• Parties are not in agreement
• Rogue elements are not included (increased risk
  to UN forces force protection)
• Risk of external intervention
• Presence of other national forces in the area
• Risky internal situation violence / human
  rights abuses / banditry / weapons
• Self defense insufficient to protect deployed
  forces
• A legal basis to protect deployed forces is
  needed (SOFA cannot be agreed)

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CHAPTER VII ERAThe Use of Force

• Chapter VII
• does not tell you to use force actively
• is not combat operations
• Provides the full range of options including up
  to and including enforcement powers
• Declaration that the conflict represents a threat
  to international peace and security
• Non use of force options ie sanctions
• Use of Armed force if necessary and as a last
  resort
• Establishes the legal context for intervention
  and the use of force

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CHAPTER VII ERA TOOLS

• More comprehensive mandate
• Clearer military tasks
• More robust force structures (equipped and
  trained)
• More effective command control structure
• Authority to use force appropriately
• Robust rules of engagement
• Legal basis for intervention

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MILITARY ROLES IN MODERN PSO
SRSG
Manage the mandate
Coordinate effort of components
Deputy
Provide unity of effort
Elections
Humanitarians
CIVPOL
Military Force
Development
Human Rights
Reconstruction
Primary military mission
security
training support
security / protection / transport
emergency medical
security on sites / protection / transport /
medical
assistance to the election process
secure environment / engineering /transport /
materiel
assistance to the reconstruction process
assistance to long term development
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MILITARY ROLE IN MODERNUN PEACE SUPPORT
OPERATIONS
Questions?