Education An Historical Perspective - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

1 / 23
About This Presentation
Title:

Education An Historical Perspective

Description:

subject to hostility - National Curriculum considered by some as amateurish. put on the statute books against a background of: ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

Number of Views:1102
Avg rating:5.0/5.0
Slides: 24
Provided by: BP393
Category:

less

Transcript and Presenter's Notes

Title: Education An Historical Perspective


1
EducationAn Historical Perspective
2
Education Historical Perspective
Education Reform Act - 1988
  • basis of the current structure
  • subject to hostility - National Curriculum
    considered by some as amateurish
  • put on the statute books against a background of
  • political hostility between local authorities and
    the government
  • teachers pay disputes

3
Education Historical Perspective
Education Reform Act - 1988
  • Distribution of power was to change
  • WHY?

4
Education Historical Perspective
  • The need for reform is urgent. All the evidence
    shows this - international comparisons, the
    reports from HMI and, most recently, the
    depressing findings of adult literacy..people
    who have problems in such simple communication
    skills are more likely to be unemployed, and
    alas, likely to remain unemployed for longer than
    those who have the skills.
  • Kenneth Baker House of Commons Dec 1987

5
Education Historical Perspective
  • Not the first occasion that it had been implied
    that the education service was a fault, at least
    in part, for the state of unemployment due to
    lack of skills

6
Education Historical Perspective
  • .there is no virtue in producing socially well
    adjusted members of society who are unemployed
    because they do not have the skills. Nor at the
    extreme must they be technically efficient
    robots. Both of the basic purposes of education
    require the same essential tools. These are to
    be basically literate, to be basically numerate,
    to understand how to live and work together.
  • James Callaghan Ruskin College Speech 1976

7
Education Historical Perspective
Doubts about the standards of education and that
standards were falling
  • Evidence?

8
Education Historical Perspective
  • To the teachers I would say that you must
    satisfy the parents and industry that what you
    are doing meets requirements and the needs of
    their children. For if the public is not
    convinced then the profession will be laying up
    trouble for itself in the future
  • James Callaghan Ruskin College Speech 1976

9
Education Historical Perspective
  • A partnership
  • whether deliberately or fortuitously, the 1944
    Education Act, and the legislative arrangements
    made within its framework up to 1988, established
    a balance of control in educational institutions.
    When it was working successfully this balance
    could be referred to as a partnership
  • Bash Coulby 1989

10
Education Historical Perspective
1944 Education Act
  • specified the duties of the Minister of Education
    - to promote the education of the people for
    England and Wales (creative rather that
    controlling)
  • LEAs were to have most of the direct influence -
    pupils, curriculum, staffing policies, welfare
    and transport

11
Education Historical Perspective
1944 Education Act
  • the war years had given under-privileged families
    the opportunity to compare lifestyles with the
    more advantaged
  • they considered that secondary education would
    give them the opportunity to become more equal.

12
Education Historical Perspective
1944 Education Act
  • 5-14 elementary education to be abolished
  • full-time primary education (5-11)
  • secondary education (11-18)
  • further education for those who wanted it
  • free compulsory schooling from 5-15

13
Education Historical Perspective
1944 Education Act
  • LEAs required to provide separate schools for
    primary and secondary
  • raise school compulsory leaving age to 15 and
    when practicable to 16
  • idea of nursery education established
  • physical welfare of children part of the reforms

14
Education Historical Perspective
  • The 1944 Education Act did not specify the form
    of secondary education but influences from report
    such as The Hadow Report (1926), The Spens Report
    1938 and The Norwood Report (1943) led to a
    tripartite system.
  • Pupils were selected through the 11 examination
    and placed in either a Secondary Modern,
    Technical or Grammar School

15
Education Historical Perspective
  • Grammar School for pupils interested in learning
    for its own sake
  • Technical Schools for those whose interest lies
    in the field of applied science or art
  • Secondary Modern School for pupils who deal more
    easily in concrete things than ideas
  • Each school was supposed to have Parity of
    Esteem - equal status but cater for different
    aptitudes

16
Education Historical Perspective
  • By mid 1950s the tripartite system was
    discredited as Parity of Esteem was never
    achieved
  • Secondary Modern Schools were perceived as
    preparing the child for lower positions in
    society
  • You passed the 11 to go to a grammar school
    failure meant you went to a Secondary Modern
    School

17
Education Historical Perspective
  • Initially Secondary Modern Schools were not
    allowed to enter pupils for public examinations
    such as the General Certificate of Education (GCE
    - O levels)
  • Most children in Secondary Modern Schools were
    expected to leave at the minimum school leaving
    age, which was the term in which they reached 15
  • Geographical location could prevent a child from
    winning a place at a grammar school

18
Education Historical Perspective
  • Girls often had to achieve higher marks than boys
    to maintain a balance between the sexes
  • The Certificate of Secondary Education was
    introduced in the 1960s to try and appease the
    disquiet concerning public examinations
  • Issues of Equality

19
Education Historical Perspective
  • The comprehensive system developed in response to
    the concerns surrounding the 11 and the lack of
    Parity of Esteem through the tripartite system
  • Bi-lateral was a description used by some schools
    which often housed a grammar and secondary modern
    schools
  • Complex streaming methods blurred the boundaries
    between the two groups leading to a comprehensive
    school model

20
Education Historical Perspective
  • In circular 10/64 the Labour government requested
    for all local authorities to submit plans to
    change all secondary education provision to a
    Comprehensive system
  • Circular 10/65 gave notice that education by
    selection should be ended
  • Primary schools now had more flexibility
    Plowden Report (1967)

21
Education Historical Perspective
  • Throughout the 60s and 70s concepts of
    progressive education were at the fore
  • A subject centred curriculum was being exchanged
    for an integrated curriculum based on
  • Topics/projects
  • Student interest and relevance
  • Choice
  • Freer classrooms
  • Teachers in control of the curriculum

22
Education Historical Perspective
  • Primary schools now had more flexibility
    Plowden Report (1967)
  • William Tyndale School, Summerhill school bad
    press
  • Raising Of the School Leaving Age
  • Education Act of 1976 tried to abolish the 11
    and further promote Comprehensive schools
  • Act repealed in 1979 growth in Comp. Ed.

23
Education Historical Perspective
  • During the 1970s the Government attempted to
    prove that some LEAs had abused their powers
  • At this time the government had little or no say
    in the running of schools
  • Much criticism against the education system media
    and industrialists hostile
  • James Callaghan The Great Education Debate
Write a Comment
User Comments (0)
About PowerShow.com