Climate Change, UNFCCC - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

1 / 74
About This Presentation
Title:

Climate Change, UNFCCC

Description:

1998,2005,2003,2002,2004,2006, 2001,1997,1995,1999,1990, ... Waterlogged/marshy lands 1656800 ha. Saline/alkaline 2047700 ha. Shifting cultivation 3514200 ha ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

Number of Views:128
Avg rating:3.0/5.0
Slides: 75
Provided by: itd75
Category:

less

Transcript and Presenter's Notes

Title: Climate Change, UNFCCC


1
Climate Change, UNFCCC Kyoto, CDM
  • By
  • Promode Kant
  • Director, IGWES

2
Global mean temperatures are rising faster with
time
Period Rate Years ?/decade
3
Retreat of the Gangotri glacier snout in last
220 year
4
Kilimanjaro 1970 2000
5
Greenhouse effect
  • Natural greenhouse gas effect known for last 175
    years
  • Fourier (1827)- atmosphere acts like glass of
    hothouse because it lets thru light rays of the
    sun but retains the dark rays from the ground
  • These trace gases are transparent to incoming
    short wave solar radiation
  • But absorb the outgoing long wave terrestrial
    radiation and remitting this energy in all
    directions
  • Thus fundamentally altering the radiation balance
    of the earth atmosphere system

6
Radiative forcingSource Stern Review
7
Link between GHGs and climate change Source
Stern Review
8
Global carbon stock
  • Carbonated rocks 65000000 Gt
  • Fossil fuel reserves 4000 Gt
  • Deep ocean 38000 Gt
  • Surface ocean 1020 Gt
  • Terrestrial ecosystems 2070 Gt (vegetation 610
    Gt, soils 1400 Gt litter 60 Gt)
  • Atmospheric ecosystem 750 Gt

9
(No Transcript)
10
Greenhouse gases
  • Kyoto Protocol recognizes six GHGs
  • Carbon di oxide
  • Methane
  • Nitrus oxide
  • Sulpher hexafluoride
  • Hydrofluorocarbons
  • Perfluorocarbons

11
Kyoto protocol
  • Gives effect to the aims and intents of the
    UNFCCC to reduce anthropogenic changes in the
    climate
  • Adopted under article 17 of UNFCCC
  • Places legally binding commitments on developed
    countries to bring their collective emissions
    5.2 below the 1990 levels during the first
    commitment period 2008-12

12
Land use, land use change forestry (LULUCF)
  • The Forests are both sources and sinks of carbon.
  • Appropriate management practices can enhance
    their net sink values.
  • Net changes in GHGs caused by direct human
    induced LULUCF limited to afforestation,
    reforestation and deforestation (ARD) since 1990
    eligible for meeting commitments of Annex 1
    countries
  • These activities should be based on sound science

13
Land use, land use change forestry (LULUCF)
  • These activities should contribute to
    conservation of biodiversity and sustainable use
    of natural resources,
  • Limited use of forest management activities
    allowed within Annex 1 countries for meeting
    their commitments

14
LULUCF (contd)
  • Defines forest as a min area of 0.05-1.0 ha
    (India 0.05 ha) with tree crown cover of more
    than 10-30 (India 30) with trees (or
    regeneration) with the potential to reach 2-5 m
    (India 5 m) at maturity
  • Afforestation is conversion of land which has
    not been a forest for atleast 50 years through
    planting, seeding and/or the human induced
    promotion of natural seed sources
  • Reforestation is raising forest on lands not
    containing forests as on 31.12.1989

15
Mitigation Action of Forests
  • By emission avoidance or conserving existing
    carbon pools by slowing deforestation or
    improving forest harvesting practices forest
    management
  • By carbon sequestration or expanding the storage
    of C in forest ecosystems by increasing the area
    and/or C density of forests management
    reforestation
  • By lengthening C storage in forest ecosystems
    in forest products end use management

16
Mitigation Action of Forests
  • By substituting sustainably grown wood for energy
    (bio-fuel) and energy intensive cement based
    products (construction material) end use
    management

17
Bio-fuels
  • Biomass used as replacement for fossil fuel
  • The credits earned are equal to the fossil fuel
    replaced
  • Very short rotation possible quick income
  • Biomass-based energy generation technologies
    costly, long distance transportation of this
    resource not economical, hence limited use
  • With technological changes this may prove to be
    the most attractive activity

18
Barriers to biofuels
  • In EU biofuels become competitive when petrolium
    prices reach 70/barrel
  • In US 50 to 60 only
  • Brazilian threshold is 25-30
  • Petroleum prices can be manipulated just to harm
    nascent biofuel industry
  • Food security when corn, sugarcane, wheat etc
    used or excessive land utilization

19
Barriers to biofuels
  • Threat to biodiversity and forests
  • Environmental consequences of large scale
    monocropping
  • Large usage of water
  • Pollution due to pesticide and fertilizers
  • Land degradation

20
Promotion of biofuels in China
  • A risk management scheme to cover losses caused
    by reduction in fossil fuel prices
  • Preferential treatment and/or subsidies to raw
    material producers using idle land,
    saline/alkaline/desert lands
  • Encouragement to model projects using high and
    new technologies
  • Preferential tax treatment to biofuel companies
    that face operating difficulties

21
Jatropha and beyond
  • There are hundreds of species of TBOs in forests
    of India
  • We need to use a large part of the existing oil
    potential in forest and non-forest lands too
  • Use of oilseeds from forests
  • Exploitation within threshold possible with
    appropriate management

22
Some TBOs in India(source CRDT, IIT, Delhi)
23
Growing TBOs in forest lands
  • Total geographic area of JK 222236 sq km
  • Total forest cover 21267 sq km
  • Dense 2102 sq km, moderately dense 8395 sq km
  • Open 10770 sq km
  • Can we use a part of these open forests for
    raising TBOs say 10, or about 0.1 Mha by
    mixing locally appropriate TBOs in 25 mix

24
Using wastelandssource PCRA
  • India has 64 Mha of wastelands of which
  • Gullies/ravines 2055300 ha
  • Waterlogged/marshy lands 1656800 ha
  • Saline/alkaline 2047700 ha
  • Shifting cultivation 3514200 ha
  • Degraded grazing lands 2597800 ha
  • Degraded lands under plantation crops 582800 ha

25
Using wastelands
  • Sands inland/coastal 5002100 ha
  • Mining/industrial wastelands 125200 ha
  • Barren rocky patches 6458400 ha
  • Steep slopes 5578800 ha
  • Can we develop models that encourage private
    initiatives to use WL for growing TBOs
  • Private ownership of WL distribution among poor

26
Food Security and Biodiesel
  • Corn for bio-ethanol in US and China competes
    with animal feed
  • Oilseed farming like Rape seed competes with
    foodcrop farming
  • In biodiesel we limit ourselves to nonedible oil
    grown over agri surplus lands
  • And also used edible oil
  • Biotech research for far higher food productivity
    so as to release more lands for biofuels

27
Scope for bioenrgy
  • A galloping demand for energy
  • Finding balance between energy security, economic
    development and environmental protection
  • Creating a demand of biofuels in India and
    worldwide
  • Land availability- shifting cultivation lands,
    encroached lands and waste lands
  • Open forests source of tree borne oilseeds?
  • Dense and moderate dense forests for biodiversity
    conservation
  • Reaching one third forest and tree cover target
  • Waste lands
  • Need for diverse sourcing of raw material
  • Biodiversity and bioenergy
  • Food security and bioenergy

28
(No Transcript)
29
Clean development mechanism
  • Undertaken by Annex 1 countries or their entities
    in non-Annex 1 countries
  • Objectives are to mitigate climate change
    effects, assist developed countries meet their
    commitments at reduced costs taking advantage of
    low costs in non-Annex 1 countries and help
    developing countries achieve sustainable
    development
  • Emission reduction and sink enhancement projects
    are eligible. In forestry only afforestation and
    reforestation projects are currently eligible

30
Clean development mechanism
  • Only areas not forested as on 31.12.1989 eligible
  • Additionality-reduce GHG above BAU, sequestration
    to be additional to any that would occur without
    the project
  • Emission reduction must be real, measurable and
    bring long term mitigation
  • Should be voluntary, approved by host country
  • Projects must begin from 2000 onwards

31
CDM administrative and functional structure
  • CDM Executive Board (EB) at apex
  • to develop CDM rules and methodologies for
    baseline, additionality and leakage assessments
  • accredit DOEs, expected to monitor their
    performances
  • review validation register projects,
  • review certification reports and issue CERs
  • Maintain public data base for CDM projects

32
CDM administrative and functional structure
  • Designated National Authority (DNA) in each
    country - to develop and publicize country level
    operational procedures, decide sustainable
    development criteria, confirm voluntary nature of
    participation and projects contribution to
    sustainable development biological diversity
    issue letters of approval for validation and
    registration

33
CDM functional structure - DOE
  • Designated Operational Entities (DOE) to work
    independent auditors of the projects
  • Should be a legal entity with a documented and
    public internal structure of governance and
    management
  • Should have sufficient in-house expertise in CDM
    rules, methodologies and in monitoring of
    emission sources and sinks

34
CDM functional structure - DOE
  • Should have financial stability to support the
    activities and insurance to cover the legal and
    other liabilities arising from its activities
  • Demonstrate that it has no conflict of interest
  • Can either validate projects for registration or
    verify emission reductions as per Marakkesh
    Accord but EB can permit it to do both
  • Verify monitoring reports

35
CDM project initiation
  • Project Developer to prepare the Project Design
    Document (PDD) and submit to DNA
  • Provide or obtain debt or equity finance for
    project
  • Implement the project after registration
  • Monitor in accordance with approved monitoring
    schedule
  • Deliver CER to purchaser thru market or other
    mechanisms

36
Project Design Document
  • Sets project objectives
  • Defines project boundaries
  • Projects a baseline using an approved methodology
    or getting a new one approved
  • Provides proof of additionality
  • Assesses leakage and plans for reducing it
  • Technical design of the proposed operations

37
Project Design Document
  • Project duration and crediting period
  • Addresses biodiversity conservation and
    sustainable development issues
  • Asseses environmental impact
  • Proposes a monitoring plan
  • A plan for the needed human and financial
    resources
  • Establishes a project management plan

38
Validation
  • Validation is evaluation of project by DOE after
    ensuring that basic eligibility conditions have
    been met
  • Participation is voluntary
  • Host country and Annex 1 partner are Parties to
    Protocol have established DNA
  • local stakeholders comments have been taken into
    account

39
Validation
  • socio-economic, environmental impacts impacts
    outside project boundary have been considered
  • leakage minimized
  • Additionality established
  • An approved baseline methodology monitoring
    plan adopted
  • harvesting, thinning verification cycles
    adopted in such a manner that verification does
    not show peaks in carbon stocks

40
Validation
  • DOE to make PDD publicly available for comments
    for 30 days and take comments into consideration

41
Registration monitoring
  • Registration is formal acceptance by CDM-EB of a
    validated project prerequisite for
    verification, certification and issuance of
    tCER/lCER
  • Project participants to include an acceptable
    monitoring plan in project design for collection
    and archiving of all relevant data, methodology
    for collection of data, taking uncertainties into
    account, quality assurance and control procedures
    for data collection

42
Verification certification
  • Verification is periodic independent review and
    ex post determination of net GHG removal by sink
    by project activity since the beginning of the
    project by DOE
  • Certification is written assurance by CDM-EB of
    the net GHG removal by sink after verification

43
Permanency
  • All biological sinks are non-permanent
  • Non-permanency is handled thru the mechanism of
    temporary CER / longterm CER
  • AR projects to be issued with credits after the
    initial verification and certification of the
    project and then every five year after vc till
    the end of the crediting period

44
Crediting
  • Crediting period is AR project life during which
    C sequestered is utilizable for issuing CERs
  • It can be 20 years subject with up to 2
    extensions of 20 years each subject to
    revalidation of baseline
  • Or 30 years without extension
  • Selection of crediting period is a business
    decision

45
tCERs
  • tCER valid till the end of commitment period
    subsequent to one for which they were issued
    potentially valid till 9 years if issued in
    2008 valid till 2017
  • Issued after a CR verifies C sequestered since
    registered project starting date
  • Thereafter every five years, but the tCER issued
    previously remains valid till the end of the
    subsequent commitment period

46
tCERs
  • At the end of validity the Annex party using that
    tCEr required to replace it with a permanent CER
    or another tCER/lCER
  • But it is not necessary to replace the tCER from
    a different project activity thus from a
    project that continues to be alive and well can
    continue to provide tCERs to replace the earlier
    ones

47
lCERs
  • lCER validity ends with the project crediting
    period but is subject to vc every five years
  • If there is addition in C after 5 years more lCER
    will be issued if reduction then the lCER issued
    earlier will have to be replaced by the country
    using it for compliance
  • If no certification then also replacement is
    necessary

48
CERs
  • Both cannot be banked, must be used in the
    commitment period in which these were issued
  • Both stop gap arrangements to be replaced by
    Annex 1 party using them for compliance after
    their expiry by ERU/

49
Arranging finances
  • Host country invests and sell CERs generated
    unilateral project
  • Annex 1 participant provides debt in return for
    assurance of CERs within a prearranged range of
    prices
  • Annex 1 partner provides equity capital in CDM
    venture and shares revenues generated

50
Arranging finances
  • An annex 1 multinational company dealing in
    renewable energy brings latest technology and
    swaps it with CERs generated
  • Bundling CERs with fossil fuel imports eg India
    exports coal to UK through a contract which
    includes purchase of CERs from a CDM project from
    India also

51
Foreign investment in CDM
  • FDIs enter in a conducive atmosphere, most go to
    China, Brazil and India etc
  • FDI in land based ventures not permitted in India
    - Foreign Investor can invest thru forward
    purchases of carbon credits
  • Unilateral, bilateral and multilateral projects

52
Risk insurance
  • Major bearing on CER costs. Risk assessment
    and allocation among various participant
    necessary through contractual arrangements
  • Policy related risks changes in Protocol, CDM
    rules, changes in national policies related to
    CDM or FDI, changes in taxation policies,
  • Major fires, disease or pest attack
  • Land related disputes going out of control and
    leading to destruction

53
Risk insurance
  • Land opportunity costs sky rockets thus
    increasing the true costs leading to pressure on
    the project participants to abandon AR project
  • Technological innovations provide cheaper options
    of generating CERs
  • Major internal or external security threats

54
Key Requirements
  • Baseline carbon emission by sources or
    reduction by sinks in the absence of the CDM
    project
  • Baseline could be based on the most likely land
    use at the project start
  • Or, most economic course of action taking into
    account barriers to investment
  • Or, existing or historical changes in carbon stock

55
Key Requirements
  • Leakage GHG emission due to project activity
    outside the project boundary. Only negative
    leakage to be considered in LULUCF. It is due to

56
Small scale AR projects
  • AR Projects with net GHG removal lt 8Ktons of
    CO2/yr developed/implemented by low income
    communities and individuals. Renewable energy
    projects lt 15MW
  • Simplified PDD, baseline monitoring methods,
    EIA analysis. Lowered registration costs
  • Allowed to bundle project activities for PDD,
    registration, verification to reduce transaction
    costs.

57
Crediting
  • Crediting period is AR project life during which
    C sequestered is utilizable for issuing CERs
  • It can be 20 years subject with up to 2
    extensions of 20 years each subject to
    revalidation of baseline
  • Or 30 years without extension
  • Selection of crediting period is a business
    decision

58
Voluntary carbon market
  • Many MNCs invest in carbon sequestration efforts
    outside Kyoto
  • Reason- Corporate Social Responsibility and also
    legislations as in California that requires
    carbon emission reductions or sink enhancement
  • Relaxed conditions of additionality, leakage, low
    transaction costs
  • Also low carbon prices
  • Suitable for casuarina plantations in coastal
    areas which would otherwise not fulfil
    additionality conditions

59
CDM VCM
  • CDM in LULUCF sector proof of additionality,
    leakage assessment, non-permanence, absence of
    post harvest norms only 1 forestry project
    current
  • VCM- outside Kyoto- more relaxed, 53 from LULUCF
    sector
  • CDM generally not viable below 3000 ha and 10
    tC/yr productivity (about 100000 t CO2e) VCM 46
    below 5000 tCO2e, 69 below 20000, 86 below
    50000
  • CDM price range for permanent CERs 13/t CO2e
    VCM ranges from 0.5 to 20/ tCO2e, usually higher
    for lower volumes and also when backed by
    certification
  • CDM very high standards VCM 9 CDM norms, 17
    near CDM, 12 Gold standards, uncertified 34
  • CDM market size 350 Mt CO2e, VCM currently 2 Mt
    but rising very fast and by 2010 expected to
    cross 400

60
Potential of Open Forest for CDM VCM Project
Activities
  • Open Forest (CDR 10-20) Ist Priority
  • Open Forest ( CDR 20-30) 2nd Priority
  • Open Forest (CDR 30 40) Not Applicable
  • (Assumption Open Forests equally divided into
    three ranges of 10-20, 20-30 30-40 cover
    density range.)

61
Possible priority areas
  • Glaciers etc 1.5 - not suitable
  • Hyper arid 7 - not suitable
  • Typic arid 100-500 mm rainfall, 7 - Priority 1
  • Semi arid (dry) 500-750 mm, 15.6, some part -
    Priority 1
  • Shifting cultivation areas Priority 1
  • Rehabilitation of encroached areas- Priority 1
  • Lands to be allotted under Tribal Act Priority
    1
  • JFM areas Priority 1

62
Priority areas
  • Human settlement land (along roadside and rail
    tracks, residential, parks, green belts) etc
    methodology under approval Priority 2
  • Semi arid (moist) 750-1000 mm, 22, mostly good
    for agri, small part can be used - Priority 2
  • Coastal areas-shelterbelt biofuel plantations
    casuarina etc

63
Some possible projects
  • CDM/ VCM project on sequestration and fossil fuel
    replacement by fuelwood plantations
  • CDM / VCM Projects on reforestation in degrade
    Reserve forests under JFM control.
  • CDM/VCM project on Biomass Gasifier Using
    Available Biomass
  • CDM/VCM village energy project for household
    lighting using existing Tree bearing oilseed in
    forest areas

64
  • CDM / VCM Pilot Small Scale Project on biodiesel
    from jatropha owned by small farmers
  • VCM project on replacement of fertilizer by
    vermicompost by small vegetable growers
  • CDM / VCM Large Scale Project on biodiesel
    from jatropha plantations
  • VCM project on biogas plants in a cattle
    intensive villages

65
Organizing the community
  • Projects taken up by individual farmers would not
    capture much carbon, and its is an expensive
    affair
  • The carbon offset projects can be profitable only
    if taken up collectively at a community level
  • This calls for organization of people
  • Willing project participants can form a society
    that can initiate and execute the project.

66
How to organize
  • Conceptualizing the possible project activity
  • Should benefit the low-income
  • Meeting of the stakeholders
  • Formulation of Byelaws of the society
  • Registration of the Society

67
Byelaws
  • Society byelaws are the soul of societies
  • Have to be drafted very carefully to keep the
    members together for a long time
  • Must provide opportunities for all sections of
    society including women and minorities
  • Should not allow a small number of people to
    monopolize the society as it will weaken the
    interest of others who would then walk away

68
  • Membership in the society to be given to any
    adult farmer/stakeholder of the area who is
    willing to contribute land voluntarily for the
    project
  • The society should be formed under the guidance
    and leadership of the forestry department or
    other able organization working in this field

69
  • Carbon credits to be managed and shared by the
    society
  • The Forest Department may take no share of CERs
    so as to encourage more CDM and VCM based
    projects to sequester the GHGs and mitigate
    climate change

70
Role of Forest Department
  • The department can provide technical know how for
    the project
  • Department can help in selling the credits
    generated from the project
  • The forest department can provide seedlings
  • But the basic responsibility for the running of
    society lies with the villagers

71
  • The technical assistance to the society in the
    form of skills in nursery development etc and as
    tree seedlings may be provided by the forest
    department.
  • either the society will directly manage the whole
    project land or the individual members shall be
    responsible for the land that has been
    contributed by them to the project activity.

72
The Haryana Small Scale CDM project
  • 227 farmers from 8 villages in Ellenabad Block of
    Sirsa district in Haryana formed a society
  • They contributed 370 hectares of land
    collectively for a period of 20 years
  • These lands were degraded due to sand dunes and
    very low in productivity due to less rainfall
  • Now they are planting those degraded lands with
    trees that are native and tolerant to such
    conditions
  • This project is expected to earn a net revenue of
    Rs. 47.5 crore over 20 years

73
Avoided deforestation
  • Discussions are ongoing on providing incentives
    for avoiding deforestation
  • Preventing deforestation beyond the baseline
    deforestation for a non-Annex 1 country would be
    rewarded under this system if approved
  • But countries like India and China which have
    avoided deforestation at considerable cost to the
    society will not benefit from it

74
Thanks
Write a Comment
User Comments (0)
About PowerShow.com