BioEnergy and Forestry

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Bio-Energy and Forestry

• Capacity Development for the CDMCOP 10 Side
  Event, Dec. 11, 2004

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Overview

• Rationale for project integration
• Services provided by afforestation and bioenergy
• Small (scale) is beautiful?
• Outlook on research agenda

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Why integrate CDM AR Energy?

• Land use change contributes to 20 25 of
  anthropogenic GHG emissions
• Expiring CERs (tCERs lCERs) have low present
  value
• Restoration forestry is unprofitable except for
  carbon credits

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Rationale for integrated projects

• Millennium Development Goals
• Eradicate poverty and hunger (goal 1)
• Ensure environmental sustainability (goal 7)
• Build a global partnership for development (goal
  8)
• Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency
  Partnership (REEEP)
• Foster renewable energy energy efficiency
  systems in pursuit of national environmental,
  economic, social and security objectives

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Rationale for integrated projects

• UNFCCC
• Development and poverty eradication are the first
  and overriding priorities of the developing
  country Parties (Art. 4.7)
• In order for developing countries to progress
  towards that goal, their energy consumption will
  need to grow
• Measures should be comprehensive, cover all
  relevant sources, sinks reservoirs (Art. 3.3)

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Services provided by afforestation

• Soil protection
• Protect quantity quality of water level
• Reduce forest depletion by fire wood substitution
• Increase incomes for local communities
• Increase land asset value for local communities
• Capacity building for local communities in
  sustainable management techniques

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Bio-energy in DCs

• Renewable energy supply 14 percent of the world's
  primary energy use (WEA 2004)
• Predominantly biomass used for cooking and
  heating in rural areas of developing countries,
  (e.g. 50 60 in Asia, 70 - 90 in Africa)
• Biomass power occurs commonly in form of direct
  combustion in developing countries
• Anaerobic digestion to produce biogas for use in
  engines also common
• Most feedstock from agricultural and forest
  industry residues

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Services provided by bioenergy

• Residential and commercial cooking and hot water
  (wood, crop, dung, charcoal)
• Rural small industry, agriculture and other
  productive uses (mainly residues from production)
  
• Grid-based power generation
• Transport fuels (ethanol from sugar cane,
  biodiesel, synthetic fuels from residues)
• Rural residential and community lighting,
  television, radio and telephony (biogas)

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Small biofuels and development

• Costs of fossil fuels to increase
• CDM leapfrogging effect, if shift to fossil
  energy is avoided
• No radical change in energy use patterns required
• Better fire wood availability frees womens
  workforce
• Cleaner stoves improve health situation

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Integrated project C accounting

• Stand level

Landscape level

• Expiring CERs
• Definitive CERs

(Example Schlamadinger et al. 2001)
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Example for combination scenario
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Risks of integrated projects

• Large areas blocked
• Former land uses disrupted
• Fast-growing species vs. biodiversity
• Drainage of arid soils
• Increased use of fertilizers
• Soil depletion by short rotation forestry

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Risks of integrated projects
Crediting for fuel wood use may lead to short
rotation and lower C fixation
C0
C1
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Small is beautiful?

• Conditions for source projects
• Renewable energy lt 15 MW or
• Energy consumption reduction lt 15 GWh y-1, or
• Emission reduction emissions lt 15 kt CO2e y-1,
  or
• Conditions for AR projects
• Net removal lt8 kt CO2e y-1, and
• developed or implemented by low-income
  communities and individuals

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Small is beautiful?

• Combinations between source sink ssc projects
  do not add up to one full-scale project
• Each activity to be treated separately
• Small PDD cost reduction
• EB-level practical problems (which Meth Panel is
  responsible, or both?)

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Outlook on further research

• Combine different scale activities
• Find suiting project examples
• Pooling on different levels timescales
• Project quality indicators
• Options for co-financing the core activity
• Ssc fund options
• Potential ODA involvement in CDM

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• Thank you for your attention!