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HUMANISTIC APPROACH

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Title: HUMANISTIC APPROACH


1
  • HUMANISTIC APPROACH

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  • Claims that people have the ability to shape
    their own destiny, and this is not driven by
    biological, instinctive influences.
  • Emphasize the wholeness or completeness of
    personality, rather than focusing on its
    structural parts.
  • What matters is how people view themselves.
  •  

3
Themes of Humanistic Theories
  • Emphasis on personal responsibility and free will
    each of us is responsible for what happens to
    us.
  • The importance of the here and now rather than
    the past.
  • Also emphasize personal growth and fulfillment
    moving towards bigger goals self-actualizing

4
Humanistic Theorists
  • Carl Rogers (1902-1986)
  • Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)

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Carl Rogers (1902-1987)
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  • Approach to psychology was based on self-
    concept. Each individual has a self- concept,
    which consists of his or her conscious thoughts
    and beliefs about himself or herself. View
    referred to as person-centered.
  • Believed that the most powerful drives are the
    ones to become fully functioning.
  • To be fully functioning is to achieve optimal
    psychological adjustment, to live in the
    present, getting the most from each experience.
  • To help children become fully functioning
    requires that we offer them unconditional
    positive regard.

7
  • Unconditional Positive Regard means showing a
    child that they are loved, respected, and
    accepted (this is positive regard) with no
    conditions attached.
  • This does NOT mean that parents must always agree
    with their childs behaviour choices. But they
    must never use love and acceptance as a means of
    pressuring the child into accepting their views.
  • Rogers said we should separate the childs
    behaviors from the childs self. We punish a
    child for doing a bad thing, but never for being
    a bad child.
  • Helping people achieve positive self-regard is
    one of the major goal of Rogers person-centered
    therapy.
  •  

8
Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)
9
  • Peoples needs are positive and our major goal is
    to realize and put into practice those needs, or
    to self-actualize
  • We have to master our lower needs before we could
    move to the highest need.
  • Our personality and subsequently behaviors are
    driven by or ability to master these needs.

10
(No Transcript)
11
  • Biological and Physiological needs - air, food,
    drink, shelter, warmth, sex, sleep, etc.
  • Safety needs - protection from elements,
    security, order, law, limits, stability, etc.
  • Belongingness and Love needs - work group,
    family, affection, relationships, etc.
  • Esteem needs - self-esteem, achievement, mastery,
    independence, status, dominance, prestige,
    managerial responsibility, etc.
  • Self-Actualization needs - realizing personal
    potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal
    growth and peak experiences.

12
Self - Actualization
  • A musician must make music, and artist must
    paint, a poet must write, if he is to ultimately
    be at peace with himself. What a man can be, he
    must be. This need we may call self-
    actualization (Maslow 1970)

13
Evaluating the Humanistic-Phenomenological
Approach
  • Critics argue against the humanist psychologist
    strong emphasis on personal responsibility or
    free will.
  • This conflicts with the deterministic view that
    says that behavior and personality is influenced
    by many factors external factors.
  • Also concepts are loosely defined. What is
    self-actualization, fully functioning? Hard to do
    systematic research b/c concepts cannot be
    defined or tested. How do you measure
    self-actualizing, self-concept etc?
  •  

14
COGNITIVE APPROACH
15
  • Cognitive therapy is based on a theory of
    personality which maintains that how one thinks
    largely determines how one feels and behaves.
  • What matters most are the clients beliefs,
    thoughts, perceptions and attitudes about
    him/herself and the environment.
  •  
  • They dont deny the importance of behavior
    (stimulus-response), but they argue that A
    (activating events stimulus) doesnt just lead
    to C (consequences or behavior response), but
    there is an intervening process B (beliefs).

16
  • These beliefs can be rational or irrational. The
    way a person processes stimulus events is
    critical in determining what responses are
    produced and subsequently ones personality.
  •  
  • In Cognitive therapy it is not the stimuli (A)
    activating events that are crucial, but rather
    the persons perceptions and interpretation of
    the events.
  •  
  • Individuals make themselves emotionally healthy
    or emotionally upset by the way they think, not
    by the environment.

17
The Trait/Biological Approach 
18
  • Personality is the set of enduring
    characteristics that influences ones
    interactions with others and their environment.
  • Individuals differ in the amount of each of these
    characteristics that they possess.
  • Trait/ Biological approach describes ones
    characteristics using three concepts stability,
    consistency and generality and individual
    differences

19
  • 1). Stability the biological psychologists see
    these enduring characteristics as permanent,
    inherent elements of personality.
  • 2). Consistency and Generality no trait is
    expected to appear all the time or in every
    situation. Different demands and circumstances
    can bring a somewhat different set of traits.
    However, some aspects of behavior are consistent
    across situations and time. introversion-
    extraversion.
  • 3). Individual Differences individuals are
    unique individual differences come from
    differences in the strength or pervasiveness of
    particular dispositions.
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