Population Economics The Power of the Pill: Oral Contraceptives and Women - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Population Economics The Power of the Pill: Oral Contraceptives and Women

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Framework of the Effect of the Pill on Marriage and Career ... (impatience factor) ?0 : utility loss before the pill. ?P : utility loss after the pill ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Population Economics The Power of the Pill: Oral Contraceptives and Women


1
Population Economics The Power of the Pill
Oral Contraceptives and Womens Career and
Marriage Decisions
  • STEPHEN (HEE-RYANG) RA

2
Objective Exploring the Effects of the Pill
on Marriage and Career of young, single and
college educated Women
  • Contents
  • Background of the Pill and its Legislation for
    Young Women
  • Framework of the Effect of the Pill on Marriage
    and Career
  • Coincidence of the Pills Diffusion with the
    Change of
  • Womens Decision on Marriage and Career

3
I. The Pill and the Single Women
  • A. The Birth of the pill
  • In 1960, FDAs approval the use of oral
    contraceptives, the Pill
  • Rapid diffusion among married women
  • Peak around 1967
  • But it was just beginning to be used by young
    single women

4
  • B. Pill Diffusion among Single Women
  • Delayed until the early 1970s
  • Legal problem
  • Obtainable since the early 1970s.
  • The age of majority
  • Mature minors
  • The cohort born in and after 1948 were most
    affected by these
  • changes.
  • Two surveys
  • National Health Interview Study (1990)
  • National Survey of Family Growth, Cycle
    III (1982)

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  • C. State Laws and Pills
  • State laws were altered after 1969 in three
    ways.
  • The age of majority
  • Classification of minors as mature
  • Legislation of Laws
  • The availability of family planning services
    in college
  • A crucial input to career change
  • In 1966 ?? In 1973
  • States with more lenient regulations had
    greater pill use (table5)
  • 30-45 greater use among young

8
II. Framework of the effect of the pill on
marriage and career
  • How could the pill affect the variable
    of interest, investment
  • in a professional career?
  • ? Through two routes, the direct and the
    indirect effects.
  • Direct effect
  • Reduction in the cost of marriage
    delay
  • Thus career investment become cheaper
  • Indirect effect (Social multiplier
    effect)
  • Thickening of the marriage market
  • Lead to better matches for women who
    invest in careers,
  • as well as for some others.

9
The model of effect of the pill
a contribution through a career ?
utility loss from delaying marriage
(impatience factor) ?0 utility loss
before the pill ?P utility loss after
the pill Group I(a gt ?0) delay marriage
and have a career with or without pill
Group II(?0 gt a gt ?P) Without the pill, marry
in period 1, but delay marriage and have a
career with the pill. Group III(a lt
?P) do not have a career with or without
the pill
? From this model we can assume
increase in the fraction of career women
increase in the average age at first
marriage.
10
  • Lessons from the model
  • Far more than control the timing of
    births.
  • It altered womens career and marriage
    choices.
  • The decrease in the cost of marriage delay
  • ? The increased number of individuals
    delaying marriage
  • ? creating a thicker marriage market
  • The indirect effect of a thicker marriage
    led more women to
  • career and delay marriage (social
    multiplier effect).

11
III. Evidence for the Power of the Pill
  • A. Career Investment
  • Womens career investment on the
    professions began to
  • climb steeply around 1970. (Figure 4a,
    4b)
  • Career decisions of young women changed
    abruptly around
  • 1970. (Figure 5a, 5b)
  • A sharp rise in womens presence in law,
    medicine, and other
  • professional across the past three
    decades.

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  • B. Age at first marriage, sex, and fertility
    expectation
  • Marriage delay beginning with the birth
    cohorts of the late
  • 1940s (Figure 6)
  • Decrease of the moment of first sexual
    relations also line
  • with the cohorts (Figure 7)
  • Increase of marriage delay of
    college-educated women
  • ?? The greater legal access to the pill
    (Table 5)

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IV. Summary
  • The impact of the pill on young womens
    career decisions and on marriage
  • was significant in the 1970s.
  • The pill decreased the cost of remaining
    unmarried while investing in a
  • professional career.
  • The pill further reduced the cost of
    career investment by serving to increase
  • the age at first marriage.
  • The pills affecting womens careers was
    magnified by its impact on the age
  • at first marriage.
  • Pills diffusion coincided with the
    increase in the age at first marriage and
  • with the increase in women in professional
    degree programs.

18
Thanks a lot !
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