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Chapter 15 Classifying Living Things

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Title: Chapter 15 Classifying Living Things


1
Chapter 15 Classifying Living Things
  • High School Biology Class

2
What is Classification?
  • The branch of science that names and groups
    living organisms into categories based on their
    similar characteristics and evolutionary history.
  • Sometimes referred to as taxonomy.

3
Why is Classification Important?
  • Every year, thousands of new species are
    discovered.
  • Scientists have identified more than 2 million
    species of organisms, but estimate 40 million
    species inhabit the Earth.
  • Scientists estimate that there may be millions of
    species in the tropical rain forest and an
    unspecified number living in the oceans currently
    undiscovered.

4
Why is Classification Important?
  • A Universal System is necessary to have clear
    communication among scientists worldwide.
  • The system was designed to eliminate the use of
    common names and confusion in the scientific
    world.

5
When Was Classification Started?
  • Organisms were first classified more than 2,000
    years ago by the Greek philosopher Aristotle. 
  • He classified things as either Plant or Animal.
  • He grouped animals into three basic categories
    Land Dwellers, Water Dwellers, and Air Dwellers.
  • He also grouped plants into three categories,
    based on differences in their stems.

6
When Was Classification Started?
  • As science developed and more was learned about
    living things Aristotle's system was very
    INADEQUATE.
  • In the mid-100s Carols Linnaeus, a Swedish
    biologist established a simple system for
    classifying and naming organisms.
  • Linnaeus developed a hierarchy (a ranking system)
    for classifying organisms that is the basis for
    modern taxonomy.

7
When Was Classification Started?
  • In his system of classification, he ranked
    categories from the broadest and most general
    (kingdoms) to the smallest and most specific
    (species).
  • Linnaeus also used Latin for the names of the
    categories and species because this was the
    language of educated people and not an everyday
    language that would be likely to change.

8
When Was Classification Started?
  • Additionally, Linnaeus used an organisms form and
    its structures to categorize it. 
  • Linnaeus is called the Father of Modern Taxonomy
    because his system is still being used today.

9
How Does Classification Work?
  • By learning the Hierarchy and the Naming Process
    the system becomes more clearly understood.

10
A) The Hierarchy System
  • Linnaeus's classification hierarchy included FIVE
    levels and modern scientists have added TWO more
    classifications levels.

A. KINGDOM B. PHYLUM/DIVISION C. CLASS D.
ORDER E. FAMILY F. GENUS G. SPECIES
11
A) The Hierarchy System
  • How can you remember this?
  • KING PHILIP CAME OVER
  • FOR GOOD SPAGHETTI.

12
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13
B) The Naming Process
  • To ensure accurate communication of information,
    Linnaeus proposed a system of scientific naming
    using TWO names for each organism.
  • This naming system is referred to as Binomial
    Nomenclature.

14
B) The Naming Process
  • The FIRST word (genus) of a scientific name is a
    description of the group of organisms to which
    the individual belongs.

15
B) The Naming Process
  • The SECOND word (species) of a name is a general
    description of the organism, usually an important
    characteristic it contains, or where it is
    located.

16
B) The Naming Process
  • When we use the Latin name for an organism, we
    always capitalize the Genus but not the species
    identifier.
  • We also print the name in italics or underline
    them.
  • The scientific name can be abbreviated. For
    example
  • 1) Homo sapien H. sapien
  • 2) Canis familiaris C. familiaris

17
How Do We Classify Organisms?
  • When placing an organism into a group taxonomists
    consider its
  • Morphology (appearances behaviors)
  • Chromosomal Characteristics (traits)
  • DNA/RNA Amino Acid Sequences (genes)
  • Embryological Development (life-cycles)
  • Fossil Records (past histories)
  • All of the above are used to yield reliable
    information about the PHYLOGENY or evolutionary
    history of an organism.

18
How Do We Classify Organisms?
  • Classification is based on the fact that
    different degrees of similarities exist among
    organisms.
  • Organisms are similar because the have descended
    from common ancestors.
  • Thus, the more similar organisms are the more
    classification categories they belong together in.

19
How Do We Classify Organisms?
  • TWO Approaches
  • SYSTEMATICS (Family Trees) show relationships
    thought to exist among groups of organisms.

20
How Do We Classify Organisms?
  • TWO Approaches
  • 2) CLADISTICS (Cladograms) a new system that
    uses certain features of organisms called, shared
    derived characteristics, to show relationships.

21
The Kingdoms of Life
  • Linnaeus classified all organisms into TWO
    kingdoms, Plants and Animals.
  • Modern scientists use SIX kingdoms.

22
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23
Kingdom Monera
  • Archaebacteria and Eubacteria are sometimes
    combined together into one kingdom called Monera.
  • Together they include the greatest number of
    living things on the Earth.
  • All members are classified as prokaryotes and
    reproduce by binary fission.

24
1) Kingdom Archaebacteria
  • The prefix archae means ancient."
  • Modern Archaebacteria may be directly descended
    from the first organisms on Earth.
  • They are unicellular prokaryotes with distinctive
    cell membranes that lack peptidoglycan.
  • Some are autotrophic, but most are heterotrophic.
  • Many Archaebacteria live in harsh environments
    such as sulfurous hot springs, very salty lakes,
    and in anaerobic environments, such as the
    intestines of mammals.

25
2) Kingdom Eubacteria
  • The prefix eu means true.
  • They are unicellular prokaryotes that have cell
    membranes that contain peptidoglycan.
  • Eubacteria are both autotrophs and heterotrophs.
  • Eubacteria are most often the bacteria (germs)
    that affect your life such as those involved in
    tooth decay or food poisoning.

26
3) Kingdom Protista
  • Referred to as The Ash and Trash Kingdom
  • Theses organisms are placed here more because of
    what they are not than what they are. 
  • The Kingdom Protista contains all eukaryotes that
    are not plants, animals, or fungi.
  • There are more than 50,000 species in the kingdom
    which include unicellular and a few multicellular
    eukaryotes like Euglena and Amoebas.

27
4) Kingdom Fungi
  • Fungi are eukaryotes and most are multicellular.
  • The cells of fungi have cell walls that contain a
    material called chitin.
  • These organisms are heterotrophic and obtain
    nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into a
    food source. They then absorb their food after it
    has been digested by the enzymes.
  • Fungi act either as decomposers or as parasites
    in nature and include molds, mildews, mushrooms,
    and yeast.

28
5) Kingdom Plantae
  • Plants are eukaryotic, multicellular and carry
    out photosynthesis.
  • The cells of plants have cell walls, that contain
    cellulose.
  • Plant cells are specialized for different
    functions, such as photosynthesis, the transport
    f materials, and support.
  • Plants include mosses, ferns, gymnosperms
    (cone-bearing plants) and angiosperms (flowering
    plants).

29
6) Kingdom Animalia
  • Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic and
    heterothophic.
  • Animal cells have no cell walls.
  • Most members of the Animal Kingdom can move from
    place to place. Although some are permanently
    attached to surfaces such as sponges and
    barnacles.
  • Animals include fish, birds, reptiles,
    amphibians, and mammals (including humans).

30
Kingdom Relationships
  • The kingdom development is thought to look
    something like shown below

31
Any Questions?
  • If you dont like the way the world is, you
    change it. You have an obligation to change it.
    You just do it one step at a time. --Marian
    Wright Edelman
  • The best way to have a good idea is to have lots
    of ideas.
  • --Linus Pauling
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