Overview of Arboviruses in the United States

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Overview of Arboviruses in the United States
Duane J Gubler, ScD Director
John A Burns School of Medicine University of
Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu,
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Arbovirus
Arthropod-borne virus
534 Registered Arboviruses
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(No Transcript)
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Zoonosis
n Gk zo- animal nosos disease
A pathogen of animals transmissible to humans
under natural conditions.
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Climate, weather, Environmental factors
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Global Re-emergence of Epidemic Arboviral
Diseases 1990-2006
CE
SIN
SIN
TBE
WN
TBE
CCHF
WN
WN
WN
WN
WN
CCHF
WN
WN
EEE
WN
WN
WN
DEN
LAC SLE
SLE
DEN
WN
RVF
WN
EEE
KFD
DEN
DEN
CCHF
DEN
DEN
CCHF
JE
DEN
VEE
JE
WN
DEN
WN
RVF
YF
DEN
CHIK
WN
DEN
RVF
DEN
JE
DEN
ORO
DEN
DEN
VEE
YF
CHIK
WN
DEN
CHIK
JE
VEE
DEN
WN
DEN
JE
MAY
DEN
RVF
DEN
ORO
DEN
DEN
ONN
DEN
JE
DEN
YF
CHIKDEN
DEN
ORO
DEN
RR
YF
YF
DEN
WSL
BF
WN
MVE
BF - Barmah Forest
MAY - Mayaro
VEE - Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis
CE - California Encephalitis
MVE - Murray Valley Encephalitis
WEE - Western Equine Encephalitis
Chik - Chikungunya
ONN Onyong-nyong
WN - West Nile
CCHF - Congo-Crimean Hemorrhagic Fever
ORO - Oropouche
WSL - Wesselsbron
DEN - Dengue
RVF - Rift Valley Fever
YF - Yellow Fever
EEE - Eastern Equine Encephalitis
RR - Ross River
JE - Japanese Encephalitis
SLE - St. Louis Encephalitis
KFD - Kyasanur Forest Disease
SIN - Sinbis
LAC - LaCrosse Encephalitis
TBE- Tick-Borne Encephalitis
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Arboviruses in the United StatesSelected
representatives by Family
not endemic
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PRIMARY ARBOVIRUSESAFFECTING HUMANS IN THE U.S.

• Eastern Equine Encephalitis
• Western Equine Encephalitis
• La Crosse
• Saint Louis Encephalitis
• West Nile
• Dengue Fever

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Eastern Equine EncephalitisHuman cases 1964-2005
Human Cases Reported from 20 States
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Eastern Equine Encephalitis Total Cases in U.S.
1964-2006
Number of Cases
Year
Reported Human Cases Average 5/year Range
0-21
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Western Equine EncephalitisHuman cases 1964-2005
Human Cases Reported from 21 States
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Western Equine Encephalitis Total Cases in U.S.
1964-2006
Number of Cases
Year
Reported Human Cases Average 15/year Range
0-172
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La Crosse EncephalitisHuman cases 1964-2005
Human Cases Reported from 30 States
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La Crosse Encephalitis Total Cases in U.S.
1964-2006
Number of Cases
Year
Reported Human Cases Average 80/year Range
29-167
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St. Louis EncephalitisHuman cases 1964-2005
Human Cases Reported from 43 States
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St. Louis EncephalitisTotal Cases in U.S.
1964-2006
Number of Cases (log scale)
Year
Reported Human Cases Average 111/yr Range
2-1967
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West NileHuman cases 1999- 2005
Human Cases Reported from 46 States
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Epidemic West Nile Virus in the United States,
1999-2006
Reported as of 5/1//2007
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There is no reason to believe that West Nile
virus will be the last exotic arbovirus to be
introduced into the U.S.

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Exotic Infectious Diseases That HaveRecently
Been Introduced to the US

• Monkeypox
• CJD/BSE
• HIV/AIDS
• Cholera
• E. coli O157
• Malaria
• Leishmaniasis
• Chagas Disease
• Cyclospora

• West Nile Fever
• Yellow Fever
• Mayaro Fever
• Dengue Fever
• Chikungunya
• SARS
• Influenza
• Lassa Fever

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Exotic Mosquito Species Recently Introduced and
Established in the US

• Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus
• Ochlerotatus (Aedes Finlaya) togoi
• Ochlerotatus (Aedes Finlaya) japonicus
• Aedes bahamensis
• Culex biscayensis

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Global Threat of Epidemic Arboviral
DiseasesChallenge to Reverse the Trend

• Movement of Pathogens and Vectors via Modern
  Transportation
• Lack of Effective Laboratory-based Surveillance
• Lack of Public Health Infrastructure to Prevent
  control Vector-borne and Zoonotic Diseases
• Trained personnel
• Laboratory capacity
• Tools (vaccines, drugs, insecticides, etc)
• Understanding disease ecology
• Political Will
• Economic support