The Emergence of Mass Society in the Western World

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The Emergence of Mass Society in the Western World
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2
The Industrial Regions of Europe at the End of
the Nineteenth Century
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The Growth of Industrial Prosperity

• New Products and New Patterns
• Substitution of steel for iron
• Electricity
• Internal combustion engine
• Increased industrial production
• Germany replaces Britain as industrial leader
• Europes two economic zones
• Toward a World Economy
• Products from all over the world
• Europe dominates
• The Spread of Industrialization in Russian and
  Japan
• Women and Work New Job Opportunities

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Organizing the Working Class

• Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich Engels
  (1820-1895), The Communist Manifesto
• History is that of class struggles
• Overthrow the bourgeoisie
• Eventually there would be a classless society
• German Social Democratic Party (SPD), 1875
• In the Reichstag worked to pass legislation to
  improve the conditions of the worker
• 4 million votes in 1912 elections in Germany
• Second International
• Revisionists
• Reject revolutionary approach and believed in
  reform
• Trade Unions
• Right to strike in Britain gained in 1870s
• 4 million members by 1914 in Britain

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Population Growth in Europe, 1820-1900
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The Emergence of Mass Society

• New Urban Environment
• Growth of cities by 1914, 80 percent of the
  population in Britain lived in cities (40 percent
  in 1800) 45 percent in France (25 percent in
  1800) 60 percent in Germany (25 percent in
  1800) and 30 percent in eastern Europe (10
  percent in 1800)
• Migration from rural to urban
• Improving living conditions
• Boards of health set up
• Clean water into the city
• Expulsion of sewage
• Housing needs
• V.A. Huber
• British Housing Act, 1890, allowed town councils
  to construct cheap housing for workers

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The Social Structure of Mass Society

• The Elite
• 5 percent of the population that controlled 30 to
  40 percent of wealth
• Alliance of wealthy business elite and
  traditional aristocracy
• The Middle Classes
• Upper middle class, middle middle-class, lower
  middle-class
• Professionals
• White-collar workers
• Middle class values in the Victorian period
• The Lower classes
• 80 percent of the European population
• Agriculture
• Skilled, semi-skilled, unskilled workers 

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The Experiences of Women

• Marriage and the Family
• Difficulty for single women to earn a living
• Most women married
• Birth control
• Female control of family size
• Middle-class family
• Men provided income and women focused on
  household and child care
• Fostered the idea of togetherness
• Victorian ideas
• Working-class families
• Daughters work until married
• 1890 to 1914 higher paying jobs made it possible
  to live on the husbands wages
• Material consumption

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Movement for Womens Rights

• Fight to own property
• Access to higher education by middle and
  upper-middle class women
• Access to jobs dominated by men teaching,
  nursing
• Demand for equal political rights
• Most vocal was the British movement
• Emmeline Pankhurst (1858-1928), Womens Social
  and Political Union, 1903
• Suffragettes
• Support of peace movements
• The New Woman
• Bertha von Suttner

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Education in an Age of Mass Society

• In early 19th century reserved for elites or the
  wealthier middle class
• Between 1870 and 1914 most Western governments
  began to offer at least primary education to both
  boys and girls between 6 and 12
• State teacher training schools
• Reasons
• Needs of industrialization
• Need for an educated electorate
• To instill patriotism
• Compulsory elementary education created a demand
  for teachers, most were women
• Natural role of women

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Leisure in an Age of Mass Society

• Created by the industrial system
• Transportation systems meant
• Working class could go to amusement parks, dance
  halls, beaches, and team sporting activities

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The National State

• Tradition and Change in Latin America
• Exportation of foodstuffs to Europe and the
  United States
• Importation of finished goods
• Overall situation
• Largely rural
• Former slaves and Indians on the bottom
• Growth in the middle sectors of society
• Looked to the United States
• Working class expanded
• Growth of the working class led to
  industrialization
• Industrialization led to the growth of unions
• Elites still had the political influence

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Political Change in Latin America

• Large landowners took a more direct interest in
  politics
• Land owners might support dictators to ensure
  their interests
• Porfirio Diaz, ruled Mexico from 1876 1910
• Francisco Madero came to power
• Demands for agrarian reform led by Emiliano
  Zapata
• The United States becomes the power in the west.

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Rise of the United States

• Shift to an industrial nation, 1860-1914
• By 1900 out produced Britain in steel
• Urbanization
• By 1900, the US was the worlds richest nation,
  but
• 9 percent of population owned 71 percent of the
  wealth
• Unsafe working conditions, work discipline, and
  cycles of high unemployment led to unions
• The American Federation of Unions formed
• Progressive Era
• Reform
• Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909), Woodrow Wilson
  (1913-1921)
• United States as a World Power
• Annexation of Samoan Islands, Hawaiian Islands
  and from the Spanish-American War acquisition of
  Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines

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Growth of Canada

• Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick
  1870
• Manitoba, British Columbia 1871
• William Laurier, 1896

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Battleship Maine in Havana Harbor, 1898
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Canada, 1871
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Western Europe The Growth of Political Democracy

• Britain
• Two-party parliamentary system
• By 1918 all males, over 21 could vote women over
  30
• By 1900 the emergence of the Labour Party
• Social Reforms that followed
• National Insurance Act, 1911
• France
• Constitution of 1875 the Third Republic formed
• Bicameral legislature, universal male suffrage,
  president, premier the leader of government
• Coalition governments had to be formed to stay in
  power
• Italy
• Industrial north and poverty-stricken south
• Turmoil of labor and industry

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Central and Eastern Europe Persistence of the
Old Order

• Germany
• Lower house, Reichstag, elected by universal male
  suffrage
• Ministers responsible to the emperor
• Emperor commanded the armed forces and controlled
  foreign policy
• Emperor William II, 1888-1918
• Demands for democracy
• Movement to block democracy
• Austria-Hungary
• Dual Monarchy
• Emperor Francis Joseph, 1848-1916
• German minority
• Problems of ethnic groups

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Russia

• Assassination of Alexander II in 1881
• Alexander III, 1881-1894, felt reform was a
  mistake
• Nicholas II, 1894-1917, wanted to rule with
  absolute power
• Growth in Marxist Social Democratic Party
• Revolt in 1905
• Defeat of Russians by Japanese in 1904-1905
• Results of antigovernment rebellions

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Europe in 1871
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International Rivalries and the Winds of War

• Bismarck made alliances to preserve the new
  German state
• Bismarck removed by William II in 1890
• Resulting alliance system
• Triple Alliance Germany, Austria, Italy
• Triple Entente, 1907 Britain, France, Russia
• Crisis in the Balkans
• By 1878, Greece, Serbia, and Romania were
  independent
• Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina under Austrian
  protectorate
• Bulgaria under Russian protectorate
• Austria annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1908
• Serbian protest, Russian support of Serbia
• Balkan Wars of 1912 and 1913

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The Balkans in 1878
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The Balkans in 1913
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Toward the Modern Consciousness Intellectual and
Cultural Developments

• A New Physics
• Westerners and the mechanical conception of the
  universe
• Albert Einstein (1879-1955)
• Theory of relativity
• Energy of matter is equivalent to its mass times
  the square of the velocity of light
• Sigmund Freud and the Emergence of Psychoanalysis
• Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
• Human behavior determined by the unconscious,
  past experience, and internal forces
• Repression begins in childhood

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The Impact of Darwin Social Darwinism and Racism

• Darwins ideas applied to human society
• Houston Stewart Chamberlain (1855-1927)
• Modern-day Germans the only pure successors of
  the Aryans
• Anti-Semitism
• In nineteenth century many Jews left the ghetto
  and became assimilated into the cultures around
  them
• Anti-Jewish parties
• 72 percent of worlds Jewish population lived in
  eastern Europe
• Movement to the United States and Palestine
• Theodor Herzl (1860-1904)
• Zionism

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Palestine
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Culture of Modernity

• Symbolists
• Poetry, influenced by the ideas of Freud
• Views
• Art
• Impressionism
• Camille Pissarro (1830-1903)
• Berthe Morisot (1841-1895)
• Post-Impressionsim
• Vincent van Gogh (1853-1890)
• Photography
• George Eastman
• Pablo Picasso (1881-1973)
• Visual reality
• Wassily Kandinsky (1866-1944)

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Discussion Questions

• Compare and contrast the First and Second
  Industrial Revolutions.
• How did Marxism differ from its socialist
  antecedents?
• Describe the key social changes of the second
  half of the nineteenth century.
• How did late nineteenth-century nationalism
  differ from nationalism at the beginning of the
  century?
• What was new about the new physics?