Weed Identification

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Weed Identification

Mary Ketchersid Ph.D.
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Perennial Weeds
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MONOCOTS in Texas

• 1157 species
• In 30 FAMILIES

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P O A C E A E (Gramineae - Grass Family) (545
species in Texas)

• - Third largest plant family worldwide and second
  largest family in Texas (Most commonly occurring
  plant family in practically all habitats and on
  all continents)
• - Most important crop family and - - Most
  important weed family
• - Crops Rice, wheat, corn, sorghum, oats, rye

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P O A C E A E (Gramineae - Grass Family) (545
species in Texas)

• Family Characteristics
• (600 Genera/10,000 species)
• 1) Round to oval stems
• 2) Leaves 2 ranked
• 3) Conspicuous nodes
• - Spread by
• 1) Seed 2) Stolons
• 3) Rhizomes 4) Roots

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P O A C E A E (Gramineae - Grass Family) (545
species in Texas)

• WEEDS Johnsongrass, bermudagrass,
  itchgrass, quackgrass, dallisgrass, broadleaf
  signalgrass, barnyardgrass, junglerice,
  goosegrass, crabgrass, foxtails (green, giant,
  yellow, robust), Texas panicum, browntop panicum,
  annual bluegrass.
• perennial

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Grass Ligules None, Membranous, Hairy
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C Y P E R A C E A E (241 species in
Texas)(Sedge Family)

• No significant crops
• - Forth largest plant family in Texas

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C Y P E R A C E A E (241 species in
Texas)(Sedge Family)

• Family Characteristics
• (90 Genera/4,000 species)
• 1) Triangular stems
• 2) Leaves in whorls of 3
• 3) Inconspicuous nodes
• (non-jointed)

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C Y P E R A C E A E (241 species in
Texas)(Sedge Family)

• WEEDS Purple nutsedge, Yellow nutsedge, and
  many other perennial and annual sedges.
• - Yellow nutsedge Terminal
• tubers, slender leaf tips
• - Purple nutsedge Chains of tubers, tapered
  leaf tips

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L I L I A C E A E (93 species in
Texas)(Lily Family)

• - Ninth largest plant family in Texas
• - Economic uses Large number of ornamentals,
  onion family (onion, leeks, garlic, shallots,
  lily, tulip, daffodil, crocus, asparagus,
  trillium, daylily, yucca) (Colchicum - Crocus
  autumn - produces colchicine)

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L I L I A C E A E (93 species in
Texas)(Lily Family)

• - Family Characteristics (280 Genera/4,000
  species)
• 1) Herbaceous perennials from rhizomes, corms
  or bulbs
• 2) Leaves alternate, simple, linear
• 3) Flowers bisexual and actinomorphic with
  showy flowers in a variety of inflorescences
• 4) Anthers opening by lengthwise slits

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L I L I A C E A E (93 species in
Texas)(Lily Family)

• WEEDS wild garlic and onion, crow-poison,
  greenbriar, deathcamas
• This family may be split into two or more
  families including Smilacaceae, Agavaceae,
  Trilliaceae, Asparagaceae, Alliaceae,
  Amaryllidaceae, etc.

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DICOTS in Texas - -

• 3528 species
• in 135 Families

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A S T E R A C E A E (620 species in
Texas)(COMPOSITAE Sunflower Family)

• Second largest family of flowering plants
  worldwide (the orchid family has the largest
  number of different species worldwide) - - -
• Largest plant family in Texas
• - Crops Lettuce, sunflower, artichoke, safflower

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A S T E R A C E A E (620 species in
Texas)(COMPOSITAE Sunflower Family)

• - Family Characteristics (920 Genera/19,000
  species)
• 1) Annual and perennial woody trees and shrubs
• 2) Leaves mostly alternate, sometimes opposite
  or whorled, often strip off showing 3 vascular
  bundles
• 3) Inflorescence usually a head of few to many
  flowers on a common receptacle.
• 4) Some members with milky juice or latex

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A S T E R A C E A E (620 species in
Texas)(COMPOSITAE Sunflower Family)

• WEEDS Wild lettuce, dandelion, sowthistle,
  prairie sunflower, cocklebur, giant ragweed,
  common ragweed, western ragweed, bitter
  sneezeweed, goldenrod.

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F A B A C E A E (360 species in
Texas)(Leguminosae - Bean/Pea family)

• - Third largest plant family in Texas
• - Important weed family
• - Crops Soybeans, peanuts, alfalfa, clovers,
  vetches

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F A B A C E A E (360 species in
Texas)(Leguminosae - Bean/Pea family)

• - Family Characteristics (600 Genera/13,000
  species)
• 1) Many nodulating and non-nodulating
  legumes
• 2) Many life forms - vines, herbs, shrubs,
  trees
• 3) Leaves always alternate
• 4) Most have compound leaves
• 5) Fruit a legume or loment (derived from a
  single carpel)

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F A B A C E A E (360 species in
Texas)(Leguminosae - Bean/Pea family)

• WEEDS Mesquite, sicklepod, acacia, sesbania

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E U P H O R B I A C E A E (137 species in
Texas)(Spurge Family)

• Fourth or fifth largest family worldwide, fifth
  largest in Texas
• - Crops Rubber, casterbean, cassava, poinsettia
  

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E U P H O R B I A C E A E (137 species in
Texas)(Spurge Family)

• - Family Characteristics (290 Genera/7,500
  species)
• 1) Leaves simple and generally opposite
• 2) Stems often have milky latex
• 3) Small representation in U.S., largest number
  of species in Africa

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E U P H O R B I A C E A E (137 species in
Texas)(Spurge Family)

• WEEDS spotted spurge, prostrate spurge, bull
  nettle, snow-on-the-prairie, toothed spurge,
  woolly croton, tropic croton, Virginia
  copperleaf.

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B R A S S I C A C E A E (123 species in
Texas)(CRUCIFERAE - Mustard Family)

• - Sixth largest family in Texas
• - Crops Mustard, broccoli, brussel sprouts,
  cauliflower, cabbage, radish, horseradish

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B R A S S I C A C E A E (123 species in
Texas)(CRUCIFERAE - Mustard Family)

• Family Characteristics
• (375 Genera/3,200 species)
• 1) Typically annual and biennial
• 2) Many winter annuals
• 3) Often has basal rosette (broad leaves on
  base and narrower leaves on stem)
• 4) Most flowers yellow or white and cruciform
  (cross-like) with 2 large petals and 2 smaller
  petals
• 5) Fruit a silique or silicle

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B R A S S I C A C E A E (123 species in
Texas)(CRUCIFERAE - Mustard Family)

• WEEDS Wild mustard, tansy mustard, Virginia
  pepperweed, shepherd's purse, turnipweed.

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L A M I A C E A E (115 species in
Texas)(LABIATAE - Mint Family)

• - Seventh largest plant family in Texas
• - Economic importance source of aromatic oils
  (terpenoids), many ornamentals and culinary
  herbs,
• some used for medicinal purposes
• 1) HERBS - sage, thyme, mint, peppermint,
  spearmint, basil, catnip
• 2) PERFUMES - lavender, rosemary
• 3) ORNAMENTALS - salvia, ajuga, monarda

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L A M I A C E A E (115 species in
Texas)(LABIATAE - Mint Family)

• - Family Characteristics
• (200 Genera/3,200 species)
• 1) Herbs with square stems and aromatic oils
• 2) Leaves opposite or whorled, simple
• 3) Flowers bisexual, zygomorphic. Gynoecium
  2-carpellate, falsely 4-locular with basal
  placentation, style attached to base of lobes
  (gynobasic)

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L A M I A C E A E (115 species in
Texas)(LABIATAE - Mint Family)

• WEEDS betony, henbit,
• beebalm

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S C R O P H U L A R I A C E A E (105 species
in Texas)(Figwort or Snapdragon Family)

• - Eighth largest plant family in Texas
• - Digitalis produces digitalin - steroid used as
  a cardiac stimulant
• - Economic importance ornamentals, root parasites

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S C R O P H U L A R I A C E A E (105 species
in Texas)(Figwort or Snapdragon Family)

• - Family Characteristics (190 Genera/4000
  species)
• 1) Herbs or undershrubs, several climbers, some
  root parasites
• 2) Leaves alternate, opposite, or whorled,
  simple
• 3) Flowers bisexual, zygomorphic, 5-merous
  (stamens 2 or 4), 5th stamen sometimes a
  staminode inserted on corolla, corolla usually
  2-lipped, variable inflorescence, flowers often
  large and showy (some regular and 4- merous -
  Scoparia)

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S C R O P H U L A R I A C E A E (105 species
in Texas)(Figwort or Snapdragon Family)

• WEEDS Mullein, water hyssop, toadflax, sweet
  broomwwort, speedwell,

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M A L V A C E A E (88 species in
Texas)(Mallow Family)

• - Tenth largest plant family in Texas
• - Crops Cotton, okra

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M A L V A C E A E (88 species in
Texas)(Mallow Family)

• - Family Characteristics (85 Genera/1,500
  species)
• 1) Palmate leaf veins and/or lobes - usually
• 2) Woody characteristics in an otherwise
  herbaceous plant
• 3) Showy flowers with 5 petals
• 4) Numerous stamen united by their filaments -
  staminal column
• 5) Many carpellate fruits often splitting into
  sections

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M A L V A C E A E (88 species in
Texas)(Mallow Family)

• WEEDS Velvetleaf, prickly sida, arrowleaf sida,
  spurred anoda, mallows.

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S O L A N A C E A E (78 species in
Texas)(Nightshade Family)

• - Crops Irish potato, tomato, eggplant,
  petunias, tobacco, peppers,

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S O L A N A C E A E (78 species in
Texas)(Nightshade Family)

• Family Characteristics
• (85 Genera/2,300 species)
• 1) Annuals or perennials, rarely vines or shrubs
• 2) Leaves alternate
• 3) Leaves entire or lobed
• 4) Fused petals
• 5) Sepals often enclosing fruit at maturity
• 6) Fruit often fleshy berries or capsulate

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S O L A N A C E A E (78 species in
Texas)(Nightshade Family)

• WEEDS Jimson weed, groundcherries, horse
  nettles, black nightshade, silverleaf nightshade,
  buffalo bur. (Many weeds poisonous)

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Silverleaf Nightshade
Perennial
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C O N V O L V U L A C E A E (61 species in
Texas)(Morningglory Family)

• - Crops Sweet potato

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C O N V O L V U L A C E A E (61 species in
Texas)(Morningglory Family)

• Family Characteristics
• (50 Genera/1,650 species)
• 1) Vines and twining plants
• 2) Alternate and opposite leaves
• 3) Single axillary flowers
• 4) Annual or perennial
• 5) Petals fused
• 6) Flower color inconsistent

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C O N V O L V U L A C E A E (61 species in
Texas)(Morningglory Family)

• WEEDS Field bindweed, tall morningglory,
  ivyleaf morningglory, cotton morningglory,
  other morningglories, dichondra, dodder.

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C H E N O P O D I A C E A E (67 species in
Texas)(Goosefoot Family)

• - Crops Kochia (forage), cous cous, spinach,
  beets

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C H E N O P O D I A C E A E (67 species in
Texas)(Goosefoot Family)

• Family Characteristics
• (102 Genera/1,500 species)
• 1) Deltoid leaves
• 2) Leaves often mealy, especially when young
• 3) Roots and stems grooved and striped
• 4) White to green flowers, inconspicuous

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C H E N O P O D I A C E A E (67 species in
Texas)(Goosefoot Family)

• WEEDS Common lambsquarters, kochia, Mexican tea
  (epazote), Russian thistle.

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A M A R A N T H A C E A E (57 species in
Texas)(Pigweed Family)

• - Crops Grain amaranth, ornamentals (Cock's
  comb)

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A M A R A N T H A C E A E (57 species in
Texas)(Pigweed Family)

• Family Characteristics
• (65 Genera/900 species)
• 1) Mostly annuals
• 2) Alternate leaves
• 3) Leaves commonly striped or some type of
  coloration change
• 4) Members with red roots
• 5) Quite a few dioecious species in family
  (male and female flowers on separate plants)
• 6) Floral bracts often spiny or prickly

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A M A R A N T H A C E A E (57 species in
Texas)(Pigweed Family)

• WEEDS Redroot pigweed, smooth pigweed, spiny
  pigweed, tumble pigweed, prostrate pigweed,
  palmer amaranth, Powell pigweed, tall waterhemp,
  common waterhemp.

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P O L Y G O N A C E A E (57 species in
Texas)(Knotweed/Smartweed Family)

• - Crops Buckwheat, rhubarb

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P O L Y G O N A C E A E (57 species in
Texas)(Knotweed/Smartweed Family)

• Family Characteristics
• (40 Genera/800 species)
• 1) Nodes conspicuously swollen
• 2) Has an ocrea ( papery membranes enclosing
  nodes )
• 3) Extremely pungent and acid sap
• 4) No obvious petals, often pink, green or white
  sepals

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P O L Y G O N A C E A E (57 species in
Texas)(Knotweed/Smartweed Family)

• WEEDS Curly dock, broadleaf dock, sorrel,
  prostrate knotweed, Pennsylvania smartweed,
  ladysthumb, swamp smartweed.

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Weeds to worry about !

• Poisonous
• Invasive
• Stinging or spiny

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Noxious Weeds in Texas
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Noxious Weeds in Texas

• Plants listed by Texas Parks and Wildlife
• Plants listed by TAC 19.300

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Parks and Wildlife Code, Chapter 66, Subchapter
A, 66.007

• Rules were adopted which gives the commission
  authority to regulate the possession and sale of
  exotic species,
• regulations that apply, and penalties related to
  harmful species in Texas including aquatic
  plants.

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Parks and Wildlife Code, Chapter 66, Subchapter
A, 66.007

• Fines of 200 to 2000 per plant can be levied
  for possession, movement and selling the
  prohibited species.

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AlligatorweedAlternanthera philoxeroides
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Eurasian watermilfoilMyriophyllum spicatum
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giant duckweedSpirodela oligorrhiza
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HydrillaHydrilla verticillata
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LagarosiphonLagarosiphon major
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PaperbarkMelaleuca quinquenervia
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SalviniaSalvinia spp.
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TorpedograssPanicum repens
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water spinachIpomoea aquatica
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WaterlettucePistia stratiotes
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WaterhyacinthEichhornia crassipes
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rooted water hyacinthEichhornia azurea
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Additional Proposed Noxious Weeds

• TDA has proposed a new list of noxious weeds
• The list, TAC 19.300 includes all of the plants
  on the TPWD list plus 17 more
• The rule became effective January 6, 2005

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BalloonvineCardiospermum halicacabum
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Brazilian peppertreeSchinus terebinthifolius
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Branched BroomrapeOrobanche ramosa
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CamelthornAlhagi camelorum
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Chinese tallow treeTriadica sebiferum
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deeprooted sedgeCyperus entrerianus
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distaff thistleCarthamus lanatus
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giant reedArundo donax
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hedge bindweedCalystegia sepium
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ItchgrassRottboellia cochinchinensis
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Japanese dodderCuscuta japonica
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KudzuPueraria montana var. lobata
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purple loosestrifeLythrum salicaria
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SaltcedarTamarix spp.
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Serrated tussockNassella trichotoma
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water trumpetCryptocoryne beckettii
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Tropical soda appleSolanum viarum
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Typical Plant
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Flowers - Thorns
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Flowers - Hairs
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Flowers Thorns - Hairs
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Mature Fruit
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Round Bale Feeder
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Seedlings in Cow Pie
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Seedling Insect Damage
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Small Plant in Bahiagrass
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General Field Shot
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General Field Shot
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TSA Under Trees
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TSA Under Trees
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Tropical Soda Apple Managment
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Percent Control of Tropical Soda Apple

• Baumann, TCE 2004

Non-Replicated Study
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Percent Control of Tropical Soda Apple
Non-Replicated Study

• Baumann, TCE 2004

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Weeds Weeds Weeds

• There are always more beautiful weeds to look at
• Enjoy the adventure!

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Thank YouAre there any Questions ?

• Contact me at
• 115 Agronomy Field Lab
• 2488 TAMU
• College Station, Texas 77843-2488
• 979-845-6531
• m-ketchersid_at_ tamu.edu