Tsunami Warning Center Opeartions

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Tsunami Warning Center Opeartions (Local
Tsunami)

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JMA Seismological and Volcanological Department
Director-General
Deputy Director-General
Headquarters
Administration Dep.
Local Offices
Forecast Dep.
Observations Dep.
Seismological and Volcanological Dep.
Administration Div.
Auxiliary Facilities
Earthquake and Tsunami Observations Div.
Earthquake Prediction Information Div.
Volcanological Div.
Global Environment and Marine Dep.
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Elapsed time for Tsunami Warning
Seismic data processing by computer
Manual procedure
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1952 The Tokachi-oki Earthquake
1983 The Mid-Japan Sea Earthquake
1960 The Chilean Earthquake
1993 The Southwest off Hokkaido Earthquake
1952
1956
1962
1980
1976
1972
1987
1994
1999
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180
Stations
Strong motion
2.Establishment of Distant TEWS!
Displacement
Long period seismograph
5.New Earthquake Observation Network
Short period
1. The first TEWS
3.Telemetry of Seismic Data
Seismic Data Transmission
JMA Communication Network
Dedicated Telephone Network
Telegram
4.Automatic Processing of Seismic Data
Arrival time of P wave
Determination Of Focal Parameters
P-S time
Automatic Processing System
Digitizer
Mjma
Mp
6. Introduction of Computer
Simulation Technique
Evaluation Of Tsunami
Computer Simulation
Empirical method
Tsunami Forecast regions
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Contents
Tsunami Height
Arrival time
Tsunami grade
17 min
3 to 5min
7 min
10 to 14 min
Issuance time
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Dissemination of Tsunami Warning to Residents
Dedicated telephone line
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Improvement of National Tsunami Warning
Service Incorporation of CMT Solution and
Earthquake Early Warning Technique
Currently
Determination of hypocenter and magnitude
Tsunami Warning
3min.
Tsunami Information (Observed Amplitude and
Arrival Time of Tsunami)
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Improvement of National Tsunami Warning
Service Incorporation of CMT Solution and
Earthquake Early Warning Technique
as from March 2007
EEW system determines hypocenter and magnitude
very quickly! (a few seconds at shortest)
EEW
Tsunami Warning
Tsunami Warning
2min.
Revised Warning (as necessary)
3min.
Re-evaluation of warning based on the CMT solution
Tsunami Information (Observed Amplitude and
Arrival Time of Tsunami with Finer Spatial
Resolution)
10min.
LARGE
SMALL
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Tsunami Forecast Operation for Tsunamis from
nearby Origin
JMA Seismic Network
Tidal Network
Tsunami Warning
Evaluation of Tsunami
?Quantitative Tsunami forecast (arrival time and
Tsunami height) ?Tsunami warning for 66 regions
Tsunami Database
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Numerical Simulation of Tsunami Propagation
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An Example of the Simulation for Tonankai
Earthquake in 1944
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Numerical Simulation of Tsunami Propagation
Tsunami Forecast point
Taniokas Model
Greens law
Taniokas model Consideration of Coriolis force
( Effect of Coriolis force on simulation of
distant tsunami is large enough to be
considered) Simplification of equation of
tsunami propagation wave length gtgt sea depth
gtgt tsunami height ? this relation is not
correct near coast
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Setting Earthquake Parameters to be simulated
Assumed epicenter
About 4000
Simulation Points about 100,000 Magnitude
5.8,6.2,6.8,7.4,8.0 Depth 0,20,40,60,80,100km
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Setting Forecast Points
Forecast Points 613 points
Simulation of Tsunami Propagation
Calculation of tsunami height and arrival time
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Retrieval Method from Database
Example)
( ) tsunami travel time(second)
earthquake
M8.2 Depth33km
4 similar cases
Tsunami Height
Adjustment using closest cases (interpolation)
Arrival Time
The severest one
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Evaluation of Tsunami (1)(Setting of earthquake
parameters)
?
?
Set source parameters
Origin time Earliest Arrival time Latitude Longitu
de Focal depth Magnitude
?
20Nltlatitudelt54N 120Eltlongitudelt154E
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Evaluation of Tsunami (2)
Coastal name for tsunami forecast
Grade of tsunami forecast
Colors in the map correspond to forecast
categories. Red Major Tsunami, Orange Tsunami,
Yellow Tsunami Attention
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Categories of tsunami forecast
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Tsunami information (1)(forecast of height and
arrival time of initial wave)
Button for transmission
Estimated Arrival Time
Estimated Height
Earthquake Information
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Tsunami Information (2)(forecast of arrival time
of tsunami and high tide)
Time of High Tide
Estimated Tsunami Arrival Time
Coastal Name Location
Tsunami Warning/Advisory
Earthquake Information
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What we need for Tsunami Warning
Occurrence of Earthquake
Generation of Tsunami
Components of tsunami warning system
Detection of Seismic Wave
Network of seismographs
Real time data transmission
Determination of Magnitude and Hypocenter
Real time data processing system
Evaluation of Tsunami
Criteria for Tsunami grade
Issuance of Tsunami Warning
Communication facility to disseminate Tsunami
Warning
Detection of Tsunami
Network of tide gauge to monitor tsunami
Issuance of Tsunami Information
Re-evaluation of Tsunami
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JMA Tsunami Observation System
Since 1995
Minami Torishima island
Pressure gauge for distant tsunami
Huge tsunami gauge

• 1967 Tidal data was started to be transmitted to
  the nearest observatory in real time and
  telegraphed to the tsunami warning center.
• Acoustic type tsunami gauges and huge tsunami
  gauges were installed.
• ? Tidal data of another organizations is
  also transmitted to JMA in real time for tsunami
  observation.

Huge tsunami gauge Is a water pressure gauge to
measure a running height of so huge a tsunami as
to swallow tidal stations.
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• Tidal observation equipment in JMA

Tidal station
Tidal station
Tide gauge
Acoustic gauge with sounding tube
Wire
Float
Intake pipe
Acoustic gauge in the Open Air
Float gauge in the Stilling Well
Acoustic gauge with Sounding Tube
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Instruments
Pressure gauge
Fuess type gauge
Acoustic gauge
Pressure sensor
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• Concept of Tsunami observation in JMA

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Concept of the Tidal Data Collection System using
the Geostationary Meteorological Satellite of
Japan
Pressure sensor
MTSAT
Acoustic gauge
Acquisition of Tidal Data 1.6 GHz band
Report of Tidal Data 402 MHz band
CDAS
Tidal Observatory
Acoustic gauge
Tidal Observatory
Transmission of Data Transmission
Interval 6 min., 12 min. or 15
min. Transmission Period Within 1 min
MSC
Pressure sensor
PTWC
Global Telecommunication System (GTS)
National Meteorological Services (NMS)
JMA HQ
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GTS in the Indian Ocean region
Fig.23
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Tsunami Records 2003/9/26 M8.0
epicenter off Tokachi
at KUSHIRO (Hokkaido)
at HAKODATE (Hokkaido)
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Tsunami Records 2003/9/26 M8.0
epicenter off Tokachi
at KUSHIRO (Hokkaido)
Yellow line raw data filtered data
at HAKODATE (Hokkaido)
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TY Bart (September 1999)
A storm surge in the order of 3m occurred in the
coastal area of Western Kyushu
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National Tsunami Warning Center

• Tsunamis from Distant and Local
• Operation and Maintenance on a 24 Hours and 7
  Days a Week
• Training and Exercise for Staff
• International Cooperation for Data and
  Information Exchange

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Operation on a 24 Hours a Day 7 Days a Week Basis
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Tsunami Warning Center should be operated on a
24 hours a day 7 days a week basis.
JMA Shift Schedule (Example)
Rotate five teams in duty to cover 24 hours a day
7 days a week operation A Daytime duty
0900-1730 B Nighttime duty 1600-1000 O Off
duty (the day after nighttime duty) X Day off a
Other Working Day (Research, Training Plan, etc.)
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Operation on a 24 Hours a Day 7 Days a Week Basis
-2
Succession of the Operation Morning / Evening
Briefing Daytime staffs give a briefing to
nighttime staffs during the overlap time in
evening when the nighttime team takes over the
duty from the daytime team. Next morning, the
nighttime staffs also give a briefing to the next
daytime staffs. Daily Report Staffs take note
of the issued earthquake information, seismic
activities and status of the system during their
working hours. Daily Schedule Sheet Daily
schedule sheet is a check list of the daily tasks
in order not to leave the tasks uncompleted.
Staffs check the tasks which they have completed.
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Maintain and Improve the Staffs Skill
Operating Staffs
Monitoring Earthquakes and Tsunamis
Issuance of Earthquake Information (
more than 2,000 felt earthquakes per year in
Japan)
Issuance of Tsunami Warning
Frequency of destructive Tsunami once a few
years!
Staffs Skill for tsunami warning should be
maintained and improved!
Tsunami Warning Issuance Drill
Analysis of non-Tsunamigenic Earthquakes
Training Courses for the Operators
Development of Operational Manual
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Maintain and Improve the Staffs Skill
Tsunami Warning Issuance Drill Comprehensive
Exercise for Tsunami Warning Issuance, on the
Assumption that a Tsunami Occurs around Japan ( 7
times / year ) Analysis of non-Tsunamigenic
Earthquakes Determination of the Epicenters
Monitoring of Seismic Activities Training
Courses for the Operators Apr Training for
new members (5 days) Jun Training for
operators (10 hours) Oct Training for
operators (10 hours) Jan Training for
operators (10 hours) Operational Manuals
Develop and periodically review operational
manuals
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Prevention of Mistakes
Manuals Training
Unexpected mistake
Survey the Causes and the Consequences
Organize a Team to evaluate a procedure
preventing Recurrence
Cause 1 The system went wrong.
Cause 2 Staffs made mistakes.
Measure 1 Improve the system to avoid the error.
Measure 2 Develop check lists. Review the guide
to operating the system. Train the staffs for
operating the system. Consider measures for
similar situations.
All of the staffs share the information on the
error, causes and countermeasures. Keep their
awareness by carrying out case studies and
examination regularly.