From Belle to a Super BFactory

1
From Belle to a Super B-Factory
Tom Browder (University of Hawaii)
Recent News from KEKBBelle
Examples and Motivation
Direct CP Violation in a Charged Meson Decay
Observation of b?d penguins B??(?) ?
New Physics Probe CPV in b?s penguin decays
New Physics Probe AFB(B?K ll-)q2
gtgt Super B Factory Plans ltlt
2
The Belle (B Factory) Physics Program

• 1) Measurements of Fundamental SM Parameters
  (complex quark couplings).
• 2) Search for New Physics
• Is there New Physics in loop decays ?
• 3) Unanticipated new particles

Warning Will focus on results relevant to
question 2). Can only cover a small subset of the
rich and broad physics program.
3
The KEKB Collider
8 x 3.5 GeV 22 mrad crossing angle
SCC RF(HER)
World record
L 1.6 x 1034/cm2/sec
ARES(LER)
4
Normal injection Continuous injection
?1182 pb/day
661/pb/day
5
Belle/KEKB Luminosity Milestone 500 fb-10.5 ab-1
(Equivalent to gt 500 million BB-pairs)
-
1 fb-1/day
Current Total 528 fb-1
Today some results with 350 fb-1 (386 x 106) B B
pairs
as well as results based on 253 fb-1 (275 x 106)
B B pairs
6
Belle Detector
Aerogel Cherenkov cnt. n1.0151.030
SC solenoid 1.5T
3.5GeV e
CsI(Tl) 16X0
TOF counters
8GeV e-
Tracking dE/dx small cell He/C2H6
m / KL detection 14/15 lyr. RPCFe
Si vtx. det. 4 lyr. DSSD
7
Three Angles (f1,f2,f3) or (ß, a, ?)
B0 ? p- p, B???-
B0-gt? Ks,? KL
B- ?DCP K-
Big Question(s) Are determinations of angles
consistent with determinations of the sides of
the triangle ? Are angle determinations from loop
and tree decays consistent ?
8
Mixing Induced CP Violation
B0
NB
?f 1 for CP??1
9
Principle of CPV Measurement
Flavor-tag decay (B0 or B0 ?)
J/?
e?
fCP
e?
KS
t0
?z
B - B B B
more Bs
t ? ?z/(cß?)
more Bs
(1-2w)sin2?1
(1-2w)sin2?1
Flavor tag quality r0lt rlt0.5, poor tags, 0.5ltrlt1
good tags.
10
If there is more than one diagram and additional
weak phases, there is the possibility of direct
CPV and a new term with a cos(?m?t) time
dependence. (Params S and A)
with q1depending on B flavor
11
2005 B0 ? J/y K0 w/386 M BB pairs
_
_
B0 ? J/y KS
B0 ? J/y KL
0
0
Nsig 5264 Purity 98 CP odd
Nsig 4792 Purity 60 CP even
pB (momentum in CM)
12
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13
2005 B0 ? J/y K0
_
sin2f1 0.652 0.039 (stat) 0.020 (syst) A
0.010 0.026 (stat) 0.036 (syst)
No DCPV
B0 tag
BG subtracted distributions (good tag region)
2003 result sin2f1 0.728 ? 0.061 (152 x 106 BB
pairs)
_
consistent 1.2s

14
Jan 2006 Status of CPV Angle Measurements
Please attend Alan Schwartzs FNAL seminar for
details on f2 and f3 measurements
Consistent constraints from angles and measmts of
lengths of sides.
?0.3210.027
?0.1930.57
?0.3420.022
?0.2160.036
15
CKM Unitarity Triangle (in)consistency
50 ab-1
Two scenarios at
Super B Factory
Something new in?
Right f3 (tree) measurement are inconsistent
with loops.
16
Evidence and Observation of Direct CP Violation
in B Decays
DCPV in B???- and B?K- ?,
hep-ex/0502035 (PRL 95, 101801(2005)
hep-ex/0507045
Asymmetries in the Dalitz plot of B ?K ? ?-
hep-ex/0512066, submitted to PRL
Glossary
Direct CP Violation (DCPV) CPV in ?S1 or ?B1
transitions.
Indirect or Mixing Induced CPV CPV in ?B2
transitions.
17
Importance of direct CPV in B decays
The final, completely definitive death of any
superweak theory will come from the observation
of direct CP violation in the B system.
Evidence for such direct CP violation would be
given by the difference between the asymmetry
parameters in a decay such as B?? ?- from that
of B?J/? KS. This can be considered the e
experiment for the B system.
Lincoln Wolfenstein, 1999
All CPV in the B system is due to a new
superweak interaction. Expect no CPV in ?B1
transitions.
e.g. J.M. Soares L.Wolfenstein, PRD 27,421
1993.
18
Direct CPV asymmetry in B Decays

• Asymmetry in B decay rates
• The direct CP asymmetry (Adir) can be large
  if two
• amplitudes have comparable sizes, different
  weak phases as well as a strong phase difference.
  This can be arranged in certain B decays using
  the interference of penguin (P) and tree (T)
  decays.

19
Hierarchy of diagrams for B?K p, p p decays
Possibility of tree-penguin interference.
N.B. in B??? the two diagrams are the same order
in ?
20
B?pp- Experimental Controversy
21
Experimental Situation for B?? ?- in 2004
BABAR 227M BB
Belle 152 M BB
with 37232 B0?pp- events
with 46733 B0?pp- events
hep-ex/0501071, to appear in PRL
PRL 93, 021601 (2004)
5.2s CPV, First evidence for DCPV (3.2s)
Also 3.2s discrepancy between Belle and BaBar
22
B0 ?? ?- signal (high LR and low LR)
(LRgt0.86)
(LRlt0.86)
LR (Likelihood Ratio)
r (flavor tag quality)
66643 B?? ?- signal events
Uses high momentum PID from Aerogel and
sophisticated cont. suppression algorithms (LR is
a likelihood ratio based on event shape and
cos(?B) )
23
Bkg subtracted fit projections for B?? ?-
B0 tagged
B0 tagged
DE-Mbc 2D fits to individual time intervals
pp- Yield
pp- ACP
Dt (ps)
24
Summary of Belle B0 ? ? ?- CPV results

• Compelling evidence for direct CP violation in
  B???- with 4.0s significance
• Confirms previous Belle results.
• Isospin analysis for this mode alone gives (95.4
  C.L)

1st error statistical, 2nd systematic

25
Consistency Checks with time-integrated fits
Counting experiment consistent with unbinned
time-dependent fits.
LRgt0.86 0.5ltr1.0
B0 tagged
B0 tagged
pp 10713
pp 6911
Kp 429
Kp 439
cont 381
cont 381
DE (GeV)
Visible indication of direct CP violation.
26
Jan 2006 Current Status of B?? ?-
App
Belle 275M
Spp
BABAR 227M
2.3s difference between Belle and BABAR
- App (Cpp )
Spp
27
DCPV in B0 g Kp-(Recall 2004 results from
BaBar Belle)

• Evidence for DCPV (4.2s)

• Evidence for DCPV (3.9s)

A -0.133 ?0.030 ?0.009
A -0.101 ?0.025 ?0.005
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2005 Observation of Direct CP violation in
B?K- ?
Belle Update with 386 x 106 B Bbar pairs
(hep-ex/0507045)
Significance 5.0s
One more nail in the Superweak coffin.
29
Interpretation Direct CP violationSU(3)
The results support the expectation from SU(3)
symmetry that
N.G. Deshpande and X.-G. He, PRL 75, 1703 (1995)
M. Gronau and J.L. Rosner, PLB 595, 339 (2004)
HFAG summer 2005
Belle measurement
30
A new approach to DCPV using the Dalitz plot in
B ?K ? ?-
(hep-ex/0512066?PRL)
Combined Dalitz plot, signal region
Sample used for B ?K ??- study
contains 224879 B- , 203876 B
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First fit the Dalitz plot in B?K?? -
Fix the resonant substructure, then allow both
the phase and amplitude to be different for B
and B- decays.
For each resonant amplitude replace aeid with
aeid (1 b eif)
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Evidence for CP Violation in the Decay B??0 K
(3.9s)
Significance varies from 3.7s to 4.0s depending
on the model for the resonant substructure (add
or remove modes, change nr model, cpv in b?u
background).
33
Evidence for CP Violation in the Decay B ??0 K
Interference between ? and f0 (980) cancels in
the full projection
- helicity hemisphere
helicity hemisphere
(A.Garmash et al,hep-ex/0512066)
34
Comparison of result to predictions and BaBar
Belle Data
(3.9s)
(First evidence for DCPV in a charged meson decay)
Cheng, Gronau, Luo, Rosner, Suprun PRD 69,
034001 (2004)
M. Beneke and M. Neubert Nucl. Phys. B675, 333
(2003)
Four representative scenarios (-27.3, -9.3, 26.6,
31.7)
BaBar Data
(2.4s)
35
Conclusions on Direct CP Violation
In some B meson decays, the mixing induced CPV
(?B2) effects are O(1). For three B decay
modes, direct CPV effects are also large, O(0.1).
Compare to the kaon system, e2 x 10-3 and e5
x 10-6 Evidence of Direct CP Violation found in
a charged B meson decay. Counterpart not yet
established in the kaon system.
36
A large number of b?s modes are known, where are
the b?d penguins ?
37
First Observation of b?d ?
FNAL Talk by Deb Mohapatra
Yields and significances
38
First Observation of b?d ?
hep-ex/0506079
_
Addresses the same physics issue as Bs- Bs mixing
(future Tevatron RunII LHCb goal).
39
_
Evidence for B?K0 K
_
hep-ex/0506080, PRL 95, 231802(2005)
(hadronic b?d s s processes)
Belle_at_250 fb-1

Measurements of B? K0 K0 CPV at Super B will be
possible.
40
Implications of Belles observation of b?d ?
_
Together with the evidence of B?K0 K modes, Belle
has demonstrated the existence of a new quark
level transition b?d
SU(3) breaking correction weak annihilation
diagram for BR(B ? ?/w ?)
41
New Physics in b?s penguins ?
42
How New Physics enters in b?s
Internal Penguin
43
How to find New Physics Phases
Example
Vts no KM phase
f1

Vtd
, h, KK-
, h, KK-

B
B

Vtd
f1
_
SM sin2f1 sin2f1 from B?J/y K0 (b?c c
s) unless there are other, non-SM particles in
the loop
eff
44
Belle 2005 update
hep-ex/0507037
(18016)
(7813)
45
Compelling Evidence for CP Violation in a b?s
mode
83035
46
gtgtall are systematically below the sin(2b) value
from B?J/? K0 modes
Many b?s modes were studied
(Belle data hep-ex/0507037)
recent theory estimates
Beneke, hep-ph/0505075 Cheng,Chua,Soni,
hep-ph/0506268
sin2f1(penguin)-sin2f1(tree)
47
New Physics ??
Very large effects of order unity, ?S1, are now
ruled out.
Theory corrections are small and opposite in sign
to the exp deviations.
(Deviation from B?? K0 result)
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Are there New Physics effects of order 0.2 in b?s
CPV ?
Super B Factory level statistics will allow us to
answer this question.
B0 g J/?Ks
MC
B0 g fKs
49
Belle Update 2005 (386 x 106 B pairs) Search
for Right-Handed Currents in B?KS?0 ?
Poor tags
Good tags
Use the KS to determine the vertex.
hep-ex/0507059
(MXlt1.8 GeV)
In the SM, S should be close to zero (lt0.10).
SM ? is polarized, the final state almost
flavor-specific.
50
NP and Right-handed currents in b g sg
D.Atwood, M.Gronau, A.Soni (1997) D.Atwood,
T.Gershon, M.Hazumi A.Soni (2004)

• tCPV in B0 g KS p0g
• mheavy/mb enhancement for right-handed currents
  in many NP models
• LRSM, SUSY, Randall-Sundrum (warped extra
  dimension) model
• LRSM SU(2)L?SU(2)R?U(1)
• Right-handed amplitude ? ?mt/mb ? is WL -WR
  mixing parameter
• for present exp. bounds (? lt 0.003, WR mass gt
  1.4TeV) S(Ksp0g) 0.5 is allowed.
• Here an asymmetry does not require a new CPV
  phase

51
New Physics in AFB (B?K ll-)?
b?s ?
Note in b?s ll- different operators,
contributions from virtual ? , W, Z and
internal t quark. (and New Physics particles).
52

Forward event
Backward event
? and Z contributions in B?K l l interfere
and give rise to forward-backward asymmetries
c.f. ee- ?? ?-
Unbinned fit to the variables q2 (di-lepton
invariant mass) and cos(?) for B?K l l data
53
2005 Sample used for AFB(B?Kll)(q2)
2001 Belle 1st observed
Treat q2, cos(?) dependence of bkgs.
Sample for B?K l l events 11313
B?K l l control sample 9612
Consistent with flat
54
1st Constraints on Wilson coefficients from
AFB(B?K l l)(q2)
Projections of the full fit to q2, cos(?)
hep-ex/0508009
Integrated FB asymmetries
control sample
Observe integrated AFB and as a result can rule
out some radical New Physics Models with
incorrect signs/magnitudes of C9 and C10
55
Results of the unbinned fit to q2 and cos(?)
distributions for ratios of Wilson coefficients.
SM
A10/A7
Best fit
A9/A7
A7 constrained from b?s ? to be close to SM
Ref hep-ex/0508009
at 95 C.L.
56
AFB(B?K l l-)q2 at a Super B Factory

• Assume 1 year of running at 5x1035/nb/sec
• ? 5/ab integrated luminosity, 10 billion B mesons
• DA9/A911, DA10/A1013
• A7 fixed to SM value

AFB (Kll) with 5/ab
Donut B(B?Xs l l) with140/fb 100/fb
Belle Toy MC with 5/ab
C10NP
C9NP
Determine location of the zero crossing precisely
with 50 ab-1
57
-
hep-ex/0507034
Search for B? t? and B?K?? with 250 fb-1 of
Belle data
Extra energy opposite a fully reconstructed B
Limits on 2-Higgs Models
(Expected level 0.9 x 10-4 )
-
(SM expected 3.8 x 10-6)
58
B tagging provides a B-meson beam
MC extrapolation to 50 ab-1
5s
Observation of B g K n n
(compare to K????and KL g p0nn)
Extra EM calorimeter energy
Super B LoI Fig.4.18
59
Fundamental Questions in Flavor Physics
Are there New Physics Phases and New sources of
CP Violation Beyond the SM ?
Experiments b?s CPV, compare CPV angles from
tree and loops
Are there new operators with quarks enhanced by
New Physics ?
Experiments AFB(B?Kl l), B?K ? rates and
asymmetries
Are there right-handed currents ?
Experiments b?s ? CPV, B?V V triple-product
asymmetries
Are there new flavor changing neutral currents ?
Experiments b?s ??bar, D-Dbar mixingCPVrare,
t???
These questions can only be answered at a Super B
Factory.
60
Super B Factory Motivation

• Physics beyond the Standard Model (SM) must
  exist.
• LHC may find TeV-scale New Physics
• If the LHC finds New Physics at the TeV scale,
• Its flavor structure must be examined
  experimentally. A Super B Factory is the best
  tool for this purpose.
• If the LHC finds nothing except for a SM-like
  Higgs,
• Studying/searching for deviations from the SM in
  flavor physics will be one of the best ways find
  new physics. (remember particle physics history !)

61
Comparison of Super-B and LHCb

• Clean environment ? measurements that no other
  experiment can perform. Examples CPV in B g fK0,
  B g hK0 for new phases, B g KSp0g for
  right-handed currents.
• B-meson beam technique ? access to new decay
  modes. Example discover B g
  Knn.

• Measure new types of asymmetries. Example
  forward-backward asymmetry in b g smm, see
• Rich, broad physics program including B, t and
  charm physics. Examples searches
  for t g mg and D-D mixing with unprecedented
  sensitivity.
• No other experiment can compete for New Physics
  reach in the quark sector.

62
How to achieve the super-high luminosity
Crab cavity
63
Super B Factory at KEK
Interaction Region Crab crossing q30mrad. by
3mm New QCS
New Beam pipe
More RF power
Damping ring
Linac upgrade
L 4?1035/cm2 /sec
64
Crab crossing in the near future
?Crab crossing may increase the beam-beam
parameter up to 0.19 !
K. Ohmi
(Strong-weak simulation)
Head-on (crab)
(Strong-strong simulation)
crossing angle 22 mrad
?Superconducting crab cavities are now being
tested, will be installed in KEKB around March
2006.
65
Other Super B Factory Initiatives
In addition to KEKs Super B Factory Proposal, a
dual Linac based proposal is being formulated by
a Frascati/SLAC collaboration.
M. Giorgi
Large beam energy spread (5.2 MeV) Lots of RD
needed but synergy with ILC
Frascati Design Luminosity 1 x 1036 /cm2/sec
One design uses SC linacs
66
Requirements for the Super B detector
Critical issues at L 4 x 1035/cm2/sec
4 Higher background ( ?20) 4 Higher event rate
( ?10) 4 Require special features

• radiation damage and occupancy
• fake hits and pile-up noise in the EM

- higher rate trigger, DAQ and computing

• low p m identification f smm recon. eff.
• hermeticity f n reconstruction

Possible solution 4Replace inner layers of the
vertex detector with silicon striplets or
MAPS pixels 4Replace inner part of the central
tracker with a silicon strip detector. (rlt20
cm) 4Better particle identification device
4Replace endcap calorimeter with pure CsI.
4Faster readout electronics (pipelined) and
computing system.
67
A Detector for a Super-B Factory
68
KEK Super B Factory Scenario
Lpeak 1.6?1034cm-2s-1 Ltot 528 fb-1 (Dec .25,
2005)
1010 BB/year !! similar number of tt-
world records !
Major upgrade of KEKB Belle detector (gt1yr
shutdown)
SuperKEKB
crab cavities
Lpeak (cm-2s-1) Lint
5x1034 1 ab-1
1.6x1034 528 fb-1
5x1035 10 ab-1
69
Using Super B Measurements to diagnose NP
Pattern of deviations from the Standard Model
Observ- ables
SUSY models
Large, sizable, - small
70
G. Hiller
M. Hazumi, Y. Okada
Details in the Super KEKB LoI and Super-B
workshops
71
A Super B Factory is also a powerfult-charm
Factory

• Rich, broad physics program that covers B, t and
  charm physics..
• Examples examination of rare charm modes,
  D0-D0bar mixing and searches for t g mg with
  unprecedented sensitivity.

72
Search for New Physics in the Charm Sector
c the only heavy up-like quark exptly
accessible New Physics Mechanisms may be
different for u- and d-like quarks ? Rare Charm
Decays, D-Dbar Mixing and CP Violation
e.g. D0 ? gg D0() ? H0() ll- D0 ? ll-
D0() ? V0()g
73
Search for New Physics in t Decay

• SUSY Seesaw
• Flavor violation by n-Yukawa coupling.
• Large LFV

Br(t?mg)O(10-79)
Expected sensitivity at Super KEKB
Present Belle
Super-KEKB
t?lg
t?lp/h/h
t?3l
t?l Ks
t?Bg/p
Gaugino mass 200GeV
74
Lessons of History

• New Physics is usually discovered first in
  loop processes, which involve high mass virtual
  particles. (Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle)

Example Absence of KL??? allowed theorists to
deduce the existence of the charm quark. The rate
of K mixing allowed a rough determination of the
charm mass.
Example The absence of b?s decays and the long B
lifetime ruled out topless models. Large Bd
mixing showed the top was heavy contrary to
theory prejudices of the time. Radiative
corrections from Z measurements determined the
rough range of the top mass.
Vtd
Vtd
Beautiful, sophisticated and precise measurements
of the top quark mass at the Tevatron. However,
the couplings Vts, Vtd, and most importantly
the phase of (Vtd) cannot be measured in direct
top production.
75
A Unified and Unbiased Attack on New Physics
n experiments, gm-2, mgeg, etc.
LHC, ILC
n mass and mixing, CPV, and LFV
Mass spectrum, interactions
Energy frontier
Lepton sector
New physics
Quark sector
Flavor mixing, CPV phases

• LFV,
• t CPV

Super B factory, LHCb, K experiments
76
Yamauchis Schedule for Super B
A Super B proposal was submitted to MEXT in
August 2005.
KEKB/Belle project receives a grade of S (i.e.
A) in gov. reviews
New KEK laboratory director just appointed A.
Suzuki (Tohoku)
J-PARC 1 construction
ILC construction
Construct. fund
T2K
SuperKEKB const.
Operation fund
Crab cavity
KEKB machine
SuperKEKB
KEKB
gt1000fb-1
Major upgrade
Minor upgrade
Belle
2004
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
Calendar year
77
Yamauchis budget for Super B
78
Backup Slides
79
CPV in b g s and NP diagnosis
Expected precision at 5ab-1
Many many other examples of using correlations to
distinguish new physics scenarios have been
examined.
T.Goto, Y.Okada, Y.Shimizu,T.Shindou, M.Tanaka
(2002, 2004) SuperKEKB LoI
80
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81
A Scary Slide about NP (skip if no time)
b?s ?
82
History of sin2f1 measurements of B0 ? J/? K0 at
Belle

• 152 x 106 B meson pairs
• sin2f1 0.693 0.065 (stat)
• 386 x 106 B meson pairs
• sin2f1 0.652 0.039 (stat) 0.020 (syst)

Consistent at the 0.6s level
83
Hints for New Physics ?
ACP(B?Kp) is equal between B and B0.
CPV(tree)CPV(penguin) if only SM is assumed.
fL (B?VV) 1 in SM
tree
penguin
B0
B
tree
penguin
These hint at new physics contributing to bgs
penguin processes.
84
Comparison of Super B Factory and LHCb
sensitivities
Modes with neutrals or multiple neutrinos are not
possible at LHCb. LHCb cannot trigger on B?f K0
85
Distinguish different NP models
One example from the Super B LoI
Different SUSY breaking scenarios can be
distinguished.
Time-dependent CPV for B0? K0Ksp0g
(SKg0 in SM)
86
Representative New Physics Scenarios considered
for the Super B LOI.
87
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88
Super KEKB parameters
89
Vacuum componentsBellows chamber with comb type
RF-shield
?High thermal strength ?Low impedance ?No sliding
contact on the surface facing the beam
Comb-type bellows were installed in the LER
(2004).
90
Method for f3 (?) measurement
Simple mixing CPV ? f3 (with Bd )

Tree
Tree
fCOM
_
fCOM
O(l3)
O(l3)
Interference of b?c and b?u diagrams
91
New method from Belle Dalitz
3) fCOM D0 ? KSpp-
B
obtain from tagged D0 (D? D0p) sample
A2 A1
B-
r
CPV Asymmetry in Dalitz dist.
mm(Ksp), m-m(Ksp-)
92
Signals for B?D K, D?KS ??-
hep-ex/0504013
hep-ex/0411049
D0K
D0K
D0K
D0p0
58 signal
36 signal
209 signals
93
B?D K, D?KS??- Dalitz Analyses
94
Another class of modes for f3 B?DCP K and
B?DCP K
Fairly subtle treatment of bkgs. required.
Measure BFs and CP asymmetries Kent, Trabelsi
and TEB. Phys Rev D paper in preparation.
95
f3 Results (Belle and BaBar)
hep-ex/0411049,0504013
f3 63 ? deg.
15 13
hep-ex/0504039
(Non-trivial constraint)
96
CPV in B0? rr?
Similar to B?pp?, but in principle more
complicated
B ? VV not a single CP eigenstate r ? pp0
wide resonance, two ?0s in the final state.
Three miracles
fL 100 ? CP 1
B??(??)NR and int. small
B(r0r0) ltlt B(rr?), B(rr0) lt 1.1
30 ? 6 (26 ? 6 ) x 10-6 (HFAG Winter05)
2q
A-/ 2
small Penguin pollution (q )
A00
A0
97
B0? rr? signal
continuum
b ? c
signal
b ? u
B 24.4 ?2.2 ? x 10-6
Mpp
Helicity
3.8 4.1
continuum
continuum
signal
r pp
fL 0.951 ? ?
0.029 0.031
0.033 0.039
Belle-CONF-0545
98
2005 Belle Results on CPV in B???-
Preliminary (274 ? 106 BB pairs)
q1
q-1
Results
Low quality tag
High quality tag
No CPV? f2 is near 900
99
Belle Constraints on ?2 (a)
B??? only
B??? hep-ex/0502035 ?? combined
at 90 CL
at 90 CL
100
KM ansatz CPV is due to a complex phase in the
quark mixing matrix
101
sin2?1 from B?fCP B?B?fCP interf.
Sanda, Bigi Carter
J/y
Vcb
B0

KS
?V2
?
td
J/y
V
Vtb
td
B0
B0
KS
V
Vtb
td
102
Burnt connectors in the Belle SVD readout system
S1
S4
All the others in FWD also browned One in BWD
(B4) lightly cooked.
103
Possible Explanation

• Tin plating is not chemically stable. Gold is
  better.
• PVC (cables) is evil in a radiation environment.
  Chlorine/hydrochloric acid gas produced by
  radiolysis (or pyrolysis enhanced by radiation).
• Chlorine degrades the tin surface then the
  contact resistance becomes larger.
• When one of the two/three contacts get worse, the
  current funnels towards the other contact.

Approximately 7 days downtime to remove endcaps
and replace SVD connectors. Recovered bad
channels and returned to data-taking.
104
b?d ? consistency checks
Detailed distributions
Toy MC study of experiments that obey the isospin
relation, one finds that the observed BFs are 2s
away from isospin invariance.
Two independent analyses.
105
Rare decays
VcsVusPus VcbVubPub VcdVudPud Puq penguin
with q in loop VcsVusVcbVubVcdVud0 VcsVus(
Pus-Pud )VcbVub(Pub-Pud) ?
VcsVusf(ms)-f(md) VcbVubf(mb)-f(md)
small small
GIM mechanism ? short distance cont. small long
distance cont. dominant Br(D?Xuee-), short
distance, 10-8 Br(D?pee-), through
D?pV?pll- Vvector mesons, 2x10-6 4
? SM predictions large uncertainties look for -
processes with very small SM rates - and/or
possibility of separation of SM/non-SM
contributions
D0 ? gg D0() ? H0() ll- D0 ? ll-
D0() ? V0()g
also LF violating modes (SM rate0)
106
Testing and Preparation of KEKB Crab Cavity
New HPR Facility at KEK
Transition Flange
Nozzle
Transition Flange