Quoting, Paraphrasing,

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Quoting, Paraphrasing, Summarizing

• Adapted from a presentation by
• Enda P Guinan
• Language Centre
• NUI Maynooth

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Using others ideas

• All of us use others ideas to build on,
  challenge or disagree with
• The writer must make it clear which ideas and
  words are his/hers, which belong to others
• References add weight to your argument
• Strict conventions exist on quoting others ideas
  or words

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Incorporating the ideas of others

• To weave the information youve gathered into
  your own writing you can
• Quote directly
• Paraphrase
• Summarize

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The Methods

• Direct quoting involves adding the exact words,
  inside quotation marks, to your text
• Paraphrasing, or indirect quoting, involves
  rewriting the ideas in your own words
• Summarizing involves succinctly giving a synopsis
  of the main ideas in your own words

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When to quote directly

• Good writers only quote directly when the way a
  sentence or passage is worded is significant
• According to Barton, Five times out of ten, a
  student writer is better off paraphrasing or
  summarizing than quoting directly.
• Dont quote plain passages directly
• Jordon writes, There were five chemists present
  during the experiment.

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Stand alone quotations

• Do not include a quotation in your document that
  stands alone. Use the ICE method
• Introduce
• Cite
• Explain
• An introduction can be simple
• Barton writes,
• Then the citation
• The ICE method is easy to remember.
• And the explanation, or justification for the
  quotation
• Most students can remember what the letters in
  ICE stand for even years afterwards.
• Use quotations to support your points, not make
  them.

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Block quotes

• If the quotation is longer than three lines, it
  must be set apart in a block quote (indented,
  single-spaced, italicized with NO quotation
  marks)
• Professors usually dont appreciate lots of block
  quotes and assume that the student used them out
  of sheer laziness
• Use long quotations sparingly you are better
  off paraphrasing

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Incorporating direct quotations

• To incorporate direct quotations into your text
  use introductory phrases
• According to
• A study by has shown that
• Numerous studies indicate that
• In a now-famous study, X noted that

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Sample introductory phrases

• Smith points out
• Smith reports
• Smith notes
• Smith observes
• Smith concludes

• Smith recognises
• According to Smith
• To quote Smith
• As Smith has indicated
• Smith defines as

Be sure the direct quote does not interrupt the
flow of your sentence
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Warning

• Essays that use extensive direct quotations tend
  to lack voice, continuity, or authority.
• If you offer quotations every few lines, your
  ideas become subordinate to other peoples ideas
  and voices. Your ideas are lost and the piece
  will not indicate that YOU have done any thinking
  or synthesizing.
• Therefore, you are generally better off
  paraphrasing and summarizing material and using
  direct quotations sparingly.

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Paraphrasing

• Good writers paraphrase passages or material that
  wouldnt be useful to quote directly.
• Original Passage
• If the nation is to obtain the maximum benefit
  from its investments in information technology, a
  labor pool capable of using it appropriately is
  necessary.
• Paraphrase
• Interestingly, the Committee notes that the U.S.
  wont benefit from revolutionary new technologies
  unless the labor force is better trained.

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Paraphrasing Guidelines

• Do not alter the authors original message
• Do not eliminate any significant background
  information
• Do not misrepresent the authors intentions
• Do not copy the original wording too closely
• Dont just change a few words or shuffle things
  around read the passage several times and
  completely rewrite it.

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Paraphrasing Tips

• Change vocabulary
• Change word category
• Synthesis

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Change vocabulary

• Substitute verbs or nouns with the same meaning
• Shaw examines the difficulties that
• Shaw investigates the difficulties that
• The finding was made in 2001
• The discovery was made in 2001

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Change word category

• Change nouns into verbs, verbs into adjectives,
  etc.
• The reports were completed in April
• The completion of the reports in April ensured
  that the students had time to revise before their
  examination

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Synthesis

• Integrate the ideas several sources, combining
  two or more viewpoints.
• Santiago operates with the salad bowl metaphor,
  the belief that America is a rich nation
  precisely because of its distinctive ethnic
  groups. Hayakawa operates with a melting pot
  metaphor, the belief that in coming to America
  foreigners should relinquish what makes them
  separate in order to blend into the American
  mainstream.

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Summarizing

• Condensing a writers ideas into a much shorter
  piece with your words
• Summaries allow you to sort through the
  information in the source and report only what
  you consider to be essential.
• Example

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Culture Shock

• Culture shock is the state of being confused
  when in contact with a different and unfamiliar
  civilization. Shock suggests something that is
  negative this may be true, especially at first.
  Typically, a person going to study in another
  country for the first time may miss family and
  friends and, consequently, feel homesick. The
  person may have sleeping difficulties and, in
  extreme cases, may become depressed or ill.
• (67 words)

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Summary

• Culture shock is the confusion caused by contact
  with an alien society. Initially, reactions may
  be negative.
• (17 words)

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Referring to your sources

• Ideas are the property of the person who first
  produced them
• Copying these ideas without acknowledging the
  creator is stealing - plagiarism
• Possibly the most serious academic crime

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Acknowledging your sources

• There are conventions for indicating the source
  of the quotations and ideas youve used in your
  writing
• 1. The bibliography (aka references, works cited)
  at the end of the paper
• 2. Parenthetical citations that follow an
  individual quotation or reference in your text
• Your essays will require BOTH

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What is a parenthetical citation or reference?

• An acknowledgement, at the point of usage, that
  you are making use of another writers ideas or
  data in your writing.
• The author comically stated that "Maybe man
  would not overrun the planet, but his pet poodles
  and Siamese cats might" (Westin 6).
• As Donner (1997) points out, low inflation does
  not always lead to low interest rates.

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Why use them?

• To avoid the charge of plagiarism
• To lend more authority to your writing it shows
  you are familiar with other research on the topic
• To allow the reader to find the original source

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Which of these need references?

• A mention of facts or figures from another writer
• An idea of your own
• Some data you have found from your own research
• A theory suggested by another researcher
• A quotation from a work by any author
• Something that is agreed to be common knowledge

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Putting a quotation into your essay

• Every quote must refer to the source
• Different techniques or styles exist - - MLA,
  APA, Chicago make sure you know which style is
  required for your paper

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Parenthetical citation when the author is not
mentioned in your text

• For MLA style put the following in parentheses
  after the quote or paraphrase
• Authors surname only
• Page number of reference
• Infectious disease is no longer the major cause
  of human deaths in Australia (Morgan 261).

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Parenthetical citation when the author is
mentioned in your text

• Immediately after authors name - in parentheses
• Page number
• Postgate (245) believes that flush toilets are
  quite unhygienic.
• As Postgate (245) says, flush toilets are quite
  unhygienic devices.

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Direct Quote Conventions

• Use three dots to show you have removed
  material from a quote
• Original The most useful way of making a world
  survey is to identify families of languages,
  preferably using criteria such as those worked
  out by myself in 1933, showing relationships by
  origin and development (Brook 98).
• Quote The most useful way of making a world
  survey is to identify families of languages
  showing relationships by origin and development
  (Brook, 197898).

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Single quotations marks

• Single quotation marks are used when youre
  referring to a quote within a quote.  In those
  instances, single quotation marks are placed
  around the innermost direct quote. 
• "John F. Kennedy said, 'Ask not what your country
  can do for you, ask what you can do for your
  country.'"

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A final reminder

• Whether you chose to quote directly or to
  paraphrase, remember this
• Whenever you put a quotation - direct or indirect
  - into a paragraph, the sentence in which it
  occurs must still remain grammatical

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Finis!