Title: Activity
1Activity reactivity
2Activity
Reactivity
2.Result
1.Stimulus
2.Reaction
1.Action
1
1
2
3- Mechanical determination - Reactivity
- Teleological determination - Activity
- M. Bunge
4Activity
Reactivity
2.Result
1.Stimulus
2.Reaction
1.Action
1
1
2
5Human and Rock
- Regularities explaining the behavior of a stone
are quite sufficient to explain human behavior.
The role of such general law was played by the
connection between stimulus and reaction. - Z.Y. Kuo The fundamental error of the concept of
purpose and the trial and error fallacy. Psychol.
Rev. 1928 35 417.
- Not only living organisms react to an external
influence but non-living matter as well. - V.M.Behterev Objective psychology Moscow
Science Press 1991 21
6Activity
Reactivity
2.Result
1.Stimulus
2.Reaction
1.Action
1
1
2
7N.A. Bernstein 1896 - 1966
Essays on the physiology of movements and
physiology of activity 1966 Moscow Meditsina
8- In the framework of two different concepts the
same set of data poses as different facts. - Personal Knowledge Towards a Post-Critical
Philosophy 1958. London Routledge
1891 - 1976
9- Thus an idea occurred to me that basically
everything in the world is subjective and no
exceptions. What a blow it was! - My life and my views 1968. New York Scribner.
Max Born 1882-1970
10While collecting facts requires precise accurate
experimental work systematization of facts
appears successful only when one can feel rather
then analyze an event.
11ACTIVITY motivational reflex
12TIME! NOT LOCATION
13Time Paradox
In explaining the existence or properties of an
object by appeal to a future goal or a function
that is only later realized teleological
explanations seem to get the temporal order
wrong they explain the present by appeal to the
future.
14HISTORY
15(No Transcript)
16I.P. Pavlov 1849 - 1936
17- Aristotle explained a variety of physical and
biological phenomena by appeal to final causes. - The final cause explains that for the sake of
which something is the case by supplying a
function or goal also called a teleological or
functional explanation. - Today we continue to invoke final causes in a
variety of contexts. - T. Lombrozo Carey S. Functional explanation and
the function of explanation. Cognition 2005 p.2
Aristotel (384-322 years BC)
Men do not think they know a thing till they
have grasped the why of it (which is to grasp
its primary cause). Aristotle (Physics
II.3.194B17)
18- As critics such as Galileo Bacon and Descartes
were well awarefinal causality does not appear
in Aristotles natural philosophy as a module
that can be detached and discarded without harm
to the rest. It is ratherand rather more so
than is generally understoodthe key to a network
of concepts that stands or falls as a whole. - The early modern rejection of final causality
accordingly was the rejection of this whole
network. - Mirus C. V. ARISTOTLES TELEOLOGY AND MODERN
MECHANICS. A Dissertation Notre Dame Indiana
2004.
Aristotel (384-322 years BC)
19N. Bohr
1885 - 1962
Renaissance REACTIVITY vs ACTIVITY
20ACTIVITY IS THE ONLY TRUE REALITY
Novalis (1772-1801) - PSEUDONYM FOR German
Romantic poet FRIEDRICH LEOPOLD BARON VON
HARDENBERG 1926 403 Cited by B.M. Velichkovsky
Memory 2005 405
21- Now we witness the new phase of science shifting
from stimulus-based to teleological and
holistic determinism to establishing of
systemic views and to emphasis on activity. - This tendency hasnt yet become the mainstream of
science development but it receives the growing
support from leading researchers.
22Human and Rock
- Regularities explaining the behavior of a stone
are quite sufficient to explain human behavior.
The role of such general law was played by the
connection between stimulus and reaction. - Z.Y. Kuo The fundamental error of the concept of
purpose and the trial and error fallacy. Psychol.
Rev. 1928 35 417.
- Not only living organisms react to an external
influence but non-living matter as well. - V.M.Behterev Objective psychology Moscow
Science Press 1991 21
23Rock and Human
- Movements of physical bodies such as rocks are
explained by external forces. Such external
factors are referred to as causes. - By contrast many human movements are
distinguished from the movements of rocks by
having explanations in terms of not just causes
but reasons. We describe human movements as
actions directed towards a goal for a purpose.
(pg. 33) - Schall J.D. Neural basis of deciding choosing
and acting. Nature Rev. Neurosci. 2001 2
33-42.
24Anticipatory SystemsReinventionRobert Rosen
http//www.anticipation.info/
- Without exception (in my experience) all models
and theories of biological systems are reactive - An anticipatory system is a system whose current
state is determined by a future state. The cause
lies in the future - An anticipatory system is a system containing a
predictive model of itself and/or of its
environment that allows it to change state at an
instant in accord with the models predictions
pertaining to a later instant - The reactive paradigm as we may call it was
grossly deficient in dealing with systems of this
kind - Any system behavior can be simulated by a purely
reactive system. We can only speak of simulation
and not of explanation of our systems behavior
in these terms
25DYNAMIC PREDICTIONSOSCILLATIONS AND SYNCHRONY
INTOPDOWN PROCESSINGA. K. Engel P. Fries W.
SingerNATURE REVIEWS NEUROSCIENCE 2001 V.2.
- Many aspects of cognition and behaviour are not
stimulus driven in a reflex-like manner but are
to a large degree based on expectations. This
anticipatory nature of neural activity patterns
is attracting increasing interest in systems
neuroscience.
26Daniel C. Dennett
- Cartesian paradigm nobody espouses but almost
everybody tends to think in terms of - 1993 pg. 144
27DYNAMIC PREDICTIONSOSCILLATIONS AND SYNCHRONY
INTOPDOWN PROCESSINGA. K. Engel P. Fries W.
SingerNATURE REVIEWS NEUROSCIENCE 2001 V.2.
- Many aspects (!) of cognition and behaviour are
not stimulus driven in a reflex-like manner but
are to a large degree based on expectations. This
anticipatory nature of neural activity patterns
is attracting increasing interest in systems
neuroscience.
28- It is the commonly held belief that animals in
general and insects in particular are but
input/output machines if one only knew all their
sensory input one could predict the behavioral
output they would produce. - This basic tenet not only guides basic
neurobiological research but has been the
foundation for a great many robotic applications.
- Our results contradict this view.
Order in Spontaneous Behavior Björn Brembs
Alexander Maye and Uwe Greggers Presented at the
2005 Neuroscience meeting in Washington DC.
29Order in Spontaneous Behavior Björn Brembs
Alexander Maye and Uwe Greggers Presented at the
2005 Neuroscience meeting in Washington DC.
30(No Transcript)
31Stimulus Reaction Today
- A fundamental issue in neurobiology is how
sensory stimuli guide motor behavior - Ranulfo Romo Emilio Salinas.
- Sensing and deciding in the somatosensory
system// - Current Opinion in Neurobilogy
- 1999 9 487-493
32Eclectism
- Phylogenetic eclecticism
- Ontogenetic eclecticism
- Level eclecticism
- Anatomical eclecticism
- eclecticism from Gr. eklektikosto choose the
selection of elements from different systems of
thought without regard to possible
contradictions between the systems
33Phylogenetic and Ontogenetic eclecticism
- Unlike primitive organisms humans are active
rather than reactive beings. - E. Goldberg. The executive brain. Frontal lobes
and the civilized mind. Oxfrod Univ. Press. 2001
p.124 - Through evolution and during the course of
ontogeny there is transition from reflexive
involuntary behaviors to voluntary and purposeful
behaviors - Carolyn A Ristau. In Evolution of social
behavior and integrative levels 1988.
34Eclectism
- Phylogenetic eclecticism
- Ontogenetic eclecticism
- Level eclecticism
- Anatomical eclecticism
- eclecticism from Gr. eklektikosto choose the
selection of elements from different systems of
thought without regard to possible
contradictions between the systems
