Biology 11 - Cell Structure - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Biology 11 - Cell Structure

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Introduction to the cell – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Biology 11 - Cell Structure


1
Cellular Structure
2
Types of Cells
  • All cells from any of the 5 kingdoms are either
    Prokaryotic Cells or Eukaryotic Cells

3
Types of Cells
  • Prokaryotic Cells
  • Usually bacteria
  • Lack a nucleus (bag containing DNA) organelles
  • Eukaryotic Cells
  • Compromise 4 of 5 kingdoms
  • Has a nucleus organelles

4
Types of Cells
5
Types of Cells
  • There are key differences between prokaryotic and
    eukaryotic cells
  • Create a table with 3 columns (see below)

Trait Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells

6
Types of Cells
7
Types of Cells
8
Types of Cells
9
Eukaryotic Cells
10
Plasma Membrane(cellular membrane)
  • Outer boundary of cell
  • Separates the cytoplasm from the extracellular
    fluid (fluid outside the cell)
  • Functions
  • Protects the cell
  • Controls what enters and leaves the cell

11
Plasma Membrane(cellular membrane)
12
Plasma Membrane (cellular membrane)
  • Plasma membrane is selectively permeable so only
    certain things can pass through

13
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14
Plasma Membrane(cellular membrane)
15
Cytoplasm
  • The inside of the cell
  • Cytoplasm consists of
  • Cellular Structures (organelles)
  • The cystol
  • Cystol
  • A thick soup of salts, organic molecules and
    ezymes for reactions
  • Makes up 70 of the cell

16
Cytoplasm
17
Cell Wall
  • Only found in plant cells (exceptions)
  • Structure
  • Rigid wall made of cellulose
  • Fibers of cellulose are interlocked leaving
    spaces

18
Cell Wall
  • Complete Permeable
  • Allows any small thing to pass through freely
  • Passes through spaces in the cell wall
  • Functions
  • Protection from physical injury
  • Provides support in conjunction with the vacuoles

19
Cell Wall
20
The Nucleus
  • Found in all Eukaryotes (1 per cell)
  • A complex organelle (structure having its own
    membrane)
  • Brain of the cell which regulates cell activity
  • Ie. Contains cells DNA (genetic material)

21
The Nucleus
22
The Nucleus
  • Nucleus Structure
  • Nuclear Envelope
  • Nucleoplasm
  • Nucleolus
  • Chromatin

23
The Nucleus (a closer look)
24
The Nucleus
  • Nuclear Membrane
  • Double membrane of nucleus
  • Separates nucleus contents (DNA) from rest of
    cell
  • Selectively Permeable regulates what enters or
    leaves the nucleus through nuclear pores
  • Outer part of membrane is connected to the rough
    ER

25
Nuclear Envelope (a closer look)
26
The Nucleus
  • Nuclear Pores
  • Passages in nuclear envelope
  • Allows substances to pass in/out of nucleus
  • Examples
  • Materials for DNA (go in)
  • Molecules for energy (go in)
  • Ribosomal subunits made inside (go out)

27
The Nucleus
  • Chromatin
  • DNA (genetic material) is wrapped around histones
    (a protein) to reduce size

28
The Nucleus (a closer look at chromatin)
29
The Nucleus
  • Nucleolus
  • Membrane lacking structure in the nucleus
  • Makes ribosomal subunits

30
The Nucleus
31
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
  • Folded system of membranes
  • Has large surface area (allows for increased
    chemical reactions)
  • ER manufactures, processes, and transports
    various compounds for use OUT OF THE CELL
  • Spreads throughout the cell

32
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33
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
  • Rough ER
  • Surface is covered with ribosomes
  • Involved in production processing of proteins
    that will be exported, or secreted, from the cell

34
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
  • Smooth ER
  • Primarily involved in production of lipids
  • Also involved in detoxification of drugs
    poisons
  • Lacks ribosomes, but receives proteins from rough
    ER

35
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
36
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
37
Ribosomes
  • Cell structure made of RNA and protein
  • Has no membrane
  • Location
  • On rough ER
  • Floating free throughout the cell

38
Ribosomes
  • Functions
  • Makes protein by assembling amino acids

39
Ribosomes
40
Golgi Apparatus
  • Saclike membranes, pinched off at ends
  • The packaging and shipping department of the
    cell

41
Golgi Apparatus
  • Functions
  • Receives chemicals (from ER)
  • Chemicals are modified to make them functional
  • Chemicals are released in vesciles
  • Note chemicals can also be stored

42
Golgi Apparatus
43
Lysosomes
  • Found in/with Golgi Bodies
  • Structure
  • Membrane bound bag containing hydrolytic enzymes
  • Hydrolytic Enzymes
  • A digestive enzyme
  • i.e. using water to split chemical bonds

44
Lysosomes
  • Functions
  • Breakdown of large molecules into simpler ones
  • Breakdown uses water molecules
  • Also involved in helping white blood cells to
    destroy bacteria

45
Lysosomes
  • Typically found in Golgi bodies
  • Contain digestive enzymes to digest/breakdown
    unwanted particles into basic compounds
  • Help white blood cells to destroy bacteria

46
Lysosomes
47
Mitochondra
  • Powerhouse of the cell
  • Structure
  • Has a double membrane
  • Cristae - Inside folds studded with proteins

48
  • Notice the studding

49
Mitochondria
  • Functions
  • Site of cellular respiration
  • Cellular Respiration
  • The release of chemical energy from food
  • Glucose Oxygen ? Carbon Dioxide Water
    Energy (ATP)

50
Mitochondria
  • Plant Cells
  • Provides energy when no sunlight
  • Converts stored glucose (sugar) to energy

51
Mitochondria
  • Animal Cells
  • Main energy produce for the cell
  • Energy comes from glucose (sugar) from food
  • Cells with higher energy needs have more
    mitochondria

52
Mitochondria
53
Chloroplasts (plants only)
  • Energy powerplant of plant cells
  • Structure
  • Composed of double membrane
  • Grana Thylakoid inner layers which contain
    chlorophyll

54
Chloroplasts(plants only)
  • Functions
  • Contain chlorophyll
  • Provide energy for plants through photosynthesis
  • Photosynthesis
  • Process through which plants obtain energy from
    the sun

55
Chloroplasts(plants only)
56
Vacuoles(plants mainly)
  • Structure
  • A single layer of unit membrane
  • Enclosing fluid in a sack

57
Vacuoles(plants mainly)
  • Generally, stores water, waste, or materials
  • Structure
  • A single layer of unit membrane enclosing fluid
    in a sack

58
Vacuoles(plants mainly)
  • Functions
  • Produces turgor pressure against cell wall for
    support in plants
  • Provides 80 of a plants support
  • Stores water and various chemicals
  • May store insoluble wastes

59
Vacuoles(plants mainly)
60
Centrioles
  • Structure
  • Barrel shaped organelles called centrioles
  • Made of microtubules
  • Functions
  • Involved in mitosis (cell division)
  • Releases spindle fibres to move chromosomes

61
Centrioles(animation mitosis)
62
Centrioles(animation mitosis)
63
Centrioles
64
Cytoskeleton
65
Cytoskeleton
  • Cellular skeleton / scaffolding
  • Found in the cytoplasm (In all eukaryotic cells,
    some prokaryotic cells)
  • Composed of different filaments (actin,
    intermediate) and microtubles
  • Functions
  • Maintain cell shape
  • Enable cell motion
  • Involved in intra-cellular transport (movement of
    organelles vesicles)
  • Involved in cellular division

66
Comparing Plant Animal Cells
Plant Cells Animal Cells
Possess rigid Cell Walls No Cell Walls
Have green Chloroplasts No Chloroplasts
Thin lining of Cytoplasm Most of cell is Cytoplasm
Vacuole filled with cell sap No vacuole
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