USE OF MILK OR MILK COMPONENTS IN PRODUCTION OF INFANT FORMULA

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USE OF MILK OR MILK COMPONENTS IN PRODUCTION OF
INFANT FORMULA

• ZEYNEP TACER

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Abstract

• The feeding of the infants is very important for
  their proper development and healthy adulthood.
  Although breast milk is the best way of infant
  feeding formulas are also important being the
  best alternative. Infant formulas contain the
  basic components of milk however without the
  non-nutritional bioactive or immunological
  components enzymes and dynamic structure of
  human milk it does not possibly substitute human
  milk. This study aims to outline the milk and
  milk components of the infant formulas compare
  them with the breast milk in some aspects and
  make a review of the current studies on these
  components.

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BREAST MILK

• Breast milk is considered as the most beneficial
  way of feeding infants for the proper growth and
  development
• However for some mothers it is NOT
• possible
• sufficient
• desirable to feed their baby

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infant formulae

• foodstuffs intended for particular nutritional
  use by infants during the first four to six
  months of life and satisfying by themselves the
  nutritional requirements of this category of
  person

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• Since 1940s the formula was accepted as a fine
  alternative to breast milk
• considering the not enough examination of the
  breast milk
• difficulties in finding safe water and food
  sources for maternal nutrition
• modernity
• reducing
• infant mortality
• childhood malnutrition

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• However for last years the trend accelerated away
  from formulas
• Therefore over recent decades the researchers of
  big companies have added ingredients to infant
  formulas
• to better mimic the composition of milk
• to impart health benefits due some supplements
• e.g. Fortifying formulas with iron adding
  nucleotides and changing the composition of fat
  blends

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• The ingredients in most infant milk formulas
  mimic the positive health effects of one of the
  major components of breast milk by
• promoting the growth of good bacteria in the
  intestine
• suppressing harmful bacteria and naturally
  strengthening the immune system
• resulting in a reduction in allergies and
  infections

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Important

• mimicing is not without risks
• a range of complex issues such as
• bioavailability
• the potential for toxicity
• the practice of feeding formula and human milk
  within the same feeding or on the same day

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Main contentions

• the human milk in which the nutrients are
  perfectly balanced for the rapid and adequate
  development its benefits
• nutritionally
• immunologically
• physiologically
• psychologically

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Main contentions

• The high nutritional value of milk approximately
  5 lactose 32 protein 4 lipid and 07
  mineral salts
• the decreased frequency of infections in the
  first year of the baby
• neurodevelopment
• protection from chronic diseases in childhood

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Unit Opretaions in Production

• The unit operations of a typical infant formulae
  includes the following
• (1) preparation addition and mixing of
  ingredients
• (2) preheating and pasteurization of the product
  
• (3) evaporation
• (4) pre-drying and spray drying
• (5) packaging storage and transportation

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Proteins and amino acids

• The ratio of the breast milk ingredients change
  through the time after birth depending on the
  requirements of the infant
• (e.g. a high whey-to-casein ratio (gt 80 whey) at
  the initiation of lactation
• to 6040 wheycasein in mature milk)
• The constant composition of the infant formula
  must compromise safety in all circumstances

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Proteins and amino acids

• The infant formula must contain a protein content
  that is sufficient
• for maintenance of the body
• for growth
• for the nitrogen need and indispensable amino
  acids

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Proteins and amino acids

• Most infant milk formulas contain a mean
  proteinenergy ratio of about
• 2 g/100 kcal not known whether this is the
  optimal ratio for infants
• formula-fed infants have a higher protein intake
  than breastfed infants

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Protein

• no differences with respect to growth indices
  have been shown between the different formulas
  with varying protein concentrations
• no specific benefit of a lower protein
  concentration in infant formulas

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Casein

• A comparative study of casein phosphopeptides by
  reversed phase high-performance liquid
  chromatography coupled on line to an ion trap
  mass spectrometer concluded that
• Among adapted follow-up probiotic follow-up
  toddler and probiotic toddler infant formulas
  the milk based toddler formula has the highest
  number of casein phosphopeptides after digestion

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Amino acids

• The breast milk includes all the necessary amino
  acids that are essential for the optimum growth
  and development of the infant. Therefore infant
  formula must be at least that suficient
• Human and bovine milk differ substantially
• in the ratio of whey to casein protein
• (6040 in human milk and 2080 in bovine milk)
• in the proportions of specific proteins

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Amino acids

• Because of the differences in the protein
  profiles of human milk and infant formula amino
  acid profiles also differ
• To meet all essential amino acid requirements of
  infants formula concentrations of protein must
  be higher than those in human milk (dynamic
  fluid)

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Whey proteins

• Since 1961 whey dominant formula a humanized
  protein profile
• Although current infant formulas closely mimic
  the ratio of total whey to casein in human milk
• the concentration of a-lactalbumin is relatively
  low in formula whereas a -lactoglobulin
  (a protein not found in human milk)
• is the most dominant whey protein in formula

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Whey proteins

• A study for determining the effect of two
  important bovine milk components
  glycomacropeptide and a-Lactalbumin on infant
  rhesus monkeys gave some important results
• the plasma amino acid pattern in a-Lactalbumin
  supplemented formula is nearly the same to the
  breast milk

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• the zinc absorption was promoted in
  glycomacropeptide supplemented formula milk
• the weight of the infant formula fed infants was
  higher than the breastfed infant monkeys

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Lipids

• Breast-fed infants receive about half of their
  total energy from the energy-rich triglycerides
• They constitute about 98 of the lipids in human
  milk

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Lipids

• Fatty acid composition of human milk obtained
  from 19 full breast feeding Kuwaiti mothers and
  in 22 adapted formulas (breast milk substitutes)
  was determined
• Palmitic acid so total saturated fatty acids
  were found to be lower in human milk than formula
  milk
• However total mono- and polyunsaturated fatty
  acids were found to be higher in human milk than
  in formula milk
• Linoleic acid content in formula milk was similar
  to human milk
• a-linolenic acid showed a higher percentage in
  formula milk

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Lipids

• Evidently formula milk preparations provide
  essential fatty acids for infants in adequate
  amounts as a results of their fat blend. Formula
  milk tends to contain lower percentages of cis-
  and trans-isomeric fatty acids compared to human
  milk
• In contrast to human milk most formulas lacked
  physiologically important long-chain
  polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCP)

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Carbohydrates

• Digestible carbohydrates serve as essential
  sources of energy in the diet
• provide structural elements for the synthesis of
  glycolipids and glycoproteins
• The more than 130 different oligosaccharides in
  human milk identified
• e.g. glucose galactose
• N-acetylglucosamine fucose and sialic acid
  (N-acetylneuraminic acid) and in most cases
  lactose

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Carbohydrates

• It has been speculated that the ß-lactose added
  to infant formula under the influence of anions
  of acids such as phosphate and citrate would be
  converted to its anomer ß-lactose
• lactose in infant formula would be hydrolysed
  and absorbed to a greater extent than lactose in
  human milk
• This would appear not to be of practical
  relevance in modern formulae with a low protein
  and phosphorus content
• Lactose supplies about 40 of energy in human
  milk. Carbohydrates of the infant formula on the
  other hand contribute 26 to 53 of the energy.
  This makes obesity more probable by the infants
  who are fed with formula milk

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Vitamin and Minerals

• Calcium is a very important component of a proper
  growth
• Bioavailability is important
• A study determined that through different infant
  food products (milk-based formulas fruit juices
  containing milk and cereals)
• milk based infant formulas having the highest
  casein and calcium content also showed the
  highest percentages of calcium transport and
  uptake efficiency

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Obesity and Allergy

• According to a study that included 15253 boys
  and girls (aged 9-14 years) from maternal
  categories of non-diabetes/ normal weight
  non-diabetes/ over weight or diabetes concluded
  that breast feeding is inversely related to
  childhood obesity regardless to their maternal
  diabetes or weight status

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Obesity and Allergy

• allergies affect more than 20 percent of infants
  and many childhood allergies persist to
  adulthood with approximately 50 percent of
  childhood asthma sufferers and 80 percent of
  hayfever sufferers continuing to demonstrate
  symptoms

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Obesity and Allergy

• Infants who suffer from dietary protein
  intolerance
• For reduced allergenicity
• Dietary treatment of allergic conditions
• the causal protein should be completely excluded
• from the diet
• For exclusively breastfed infants the
  lactating mothers diet (milk may contain
  antigens)
• For formula-fed infants a product based on
  extensively hydrolysed protein or a product based
  on an amino acid mixture should be selected

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Conclusion

• Infant formulas are formulated for the best
  compensation of the infants nutritional needs.
  Therefore they contain proteins and amino acids
  carbohydrates lipids vitamins and minerals at
  highest levels. Despite the well balanced
  ingredients and fortification efforts however as
  any other feeding methods infant formulas too
  are unable to supply all the needs of the infants
  because they are deficient in some natural
  bioactive and immunological components of the
  breast milk.

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Conclusion

• Infant formulas are superior to cows milk
  although also having a cows milk base.
  Therefore in the cases where the breast milk
  feeding is not possible infant formulas become
  the best choice without any doubts. However the
  choice must be the common decision of the mother
  and doctor and if possible breast feeding and
  formula feeding must continue simultaneously for
  some time according to the instructions of the
  doctor.
• In conclusion despite the efforts for
  fortifications and larger content of some
  ingredients the formulas will probably continue
  to make the duplication efforts of the natural
  human milk only in the near future.

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• THANK YOU