XML- Extensible Markup Language

1

• XML- Extensible Markup Language

2
HTML to XML

• HTML documents
• Emerging Web Standards - XML
• XML good for data interchange across platforms
  enterprise wide
• conversion HTML to XML - IBM, Microsoft

3
XML - Motivation

• In HTML, both the tag semantics and tags are
  fixed. There is limited and strict interpretation
  of tags.
• HTML is widely successful in disseminating
  documents across internet.
• Though data can be disseminated through HTML, its
  extraction is painful, and laborious.
• EDI has been a predominate mode of exchanging
  data among businesses. But it has very rigid
  format that requires highly customized
  applications.

4
XML - Introduction

• XML aims to provide ease of authoring HTML
  documents with ease of data exchange that is
  possible with EDI.
• Tags are used to markup documents.
• XML is a meta-language for describing markup
  languages.
• XML provides a facility to define tags and
  structural relationships between them.
• No pre-defined tag set implied no preconceived
  semantics, semantics of XML document is defined
  by applications that process them

5
XML - Goals

• Straightforward to use over internet
• Support wide variety of applications, authoring,
  browsing, content analysis, etc.
• Easy to write programs that process XML documents
  and validate them.
• XML documents must be human-legible and
  reasonably clear.
• Design of XML shall be formal and concise -
  expressed as EBNF (extended Backus Naur Form) -
  amenable to modern compiler tools and techniques.

6
XML-features

• Some structure - not rigid
• Extensibility - User defined tags
• nested elements
• validation - documents may specify their own
  grammar
• DTD (Document Type Descriptor) - schema exists
  with data as tag names
• Application -EDI - extraction, conversion, ,
  transformation, integration
• can be modeled using DOM

7
More terminology

• RDF - Resource Description Framework - a method
  to describe metdata for XML documents
• XSL - Extensible Stylesheet Language - language
  for transforming and formatting XML.
• Transformation Language - XSLT, XPath, Xpointer,
  Xlink

8
Example-HTML

• Print - Sanjay Madria
• Web Warehouse Tutorial, ADBIS99
• HTML
• ltH2gt Sanjay Madria lt/H2gt
• ltIgt Web Warehouse Tutorial, ADBIS99lt/Igt
• Very difficult to understand, structure is
  hidden, describes only appearance

9
XML

• ltRefgt
• ltSpeakergt ltFirstnamegt Sanjaylt/firstnamegt
• ltLastnamegt Madrialt/lastnaamegt
• lt/Speakergt
• ltTitle gt Web Warehouse Tutoriallt/Titlegt
• ltConferencegt ADBIS99lt/Conferencegt
• lt/emptygt
• lt/Refgt
• another format
• ltFirstname Value Sanjay/gt

10

• XML can Separate Data from HTML
• XML is used to Exchange Data
• XML can be used to Share Data
• XML can be used to Store Data
• XML can be used to Create new Languages (WML)

11
XML

• ltPersongt - a start-tag
• lt/Persongt - a end tag
• Tags are also called markups.
• Tags must be balanced close in inverse order of
  their opening
• Tags are defined by users, no predefined tags

12

• ltpersongt
• ltnamegt Alan lt/namegt
• ltagegt 42 lt/agegt
• ltemailgt agb_at_abc.com lt/ email gt
• lt/persongt
• Element - ltPersongt..lt/Persongt
• Subelement Age

13

• XML elements must follow these naming rules
• Names can contain letters, numbers, and other
  characters
• Names must not start with a number or "_"
  (underscore)
• Names must not start with the letters xml (or XML
  or Xml ..)
• Names can not contain spaces

14

• lttablegt
• ltdescriptiongt People on the fourth floor
  lt/descriptiongt
• ltpeoplegt
• ltpersongt
• ltnamegt Alan lt/namegt
• ltagegt 42 lt/agegt
• ltemailgt agb_at_abc.com lt/ email gt
• lt/persongt
• ltpersongt
• ltnamegt Patsy lt/namegt
• ltagegt 36 lt/agegt
• ltemailgt ptn_at_abc.com lt/ email gt
• lt/persongt
• ltpersongt
• ltnamegt Ryan lt/namegt
• ltagegt 58 lt/agegt
• ltemailgt rgz_at_abc.com lt/ email gt
• lt/persongt
• lt/peoplegt

15

• ltmarriedgtlt/marriedgt
• Can be abbreviated to
• ltmarried/gt

16
XML Attributes

• (Name, value) pair
• ltproductgt
• ltname languageFrenchgt trompette six trous
  lt/namegt
• ltprice currencyEurogt 420.12 lt/pricegt
• ltaddress formatXLB56 languageFrenchgt
• ltstreetgt31 rue Croix-Bossetlt/ streetgt
• ltzipgt92310lt/zipgtltcitygtSevreslt/citygt
• ltcountrygtFrancelt/countrygt
• lt/addressgt
• lt/productgt

Att.
17

• Attributes takes always string values (..)
• A given attribute may occur only once within a
  tag, while subelements within same tag can repeat
  attributes

18

• XML tags are case sensitive
• With XML, White Space is Preserved
• ltbgtltigtThis text is bold and italiclt/bgtlt/igt
• Ok in HTML
• ltbgtltigtThis text is bold and italiclt/igtlt/bgt

19

• XML Elements are Extensible
• Extract to
• MESSAGE To ToveFrom Jani
• Don't forget me this weekend!

20

• lt?xml version"1.0" ?gt - ltnotegt  lttogtTovelt/togt  
• ltfromgtJanilt/fromgt  
• ltheadinggtReminderlt/headinggt  
• ltbodygtDon't forget me this weekend!lt/bodygt  
• lt/notegt

21

• ltnotegt ltdategt1999-08-01lt/dategt lttogtTovelt/togt
  ltfromgtJanilt/fromgt ltheadinggtReminderlt/headinggt
  ltbodygtDon't forget me this weekend!lt/bodygt
  lt/notegt
• No problem

22

• Book Title My First XML
• Chapter 1 Introduction to XML
• What is HTML
• What is XML
• Chapter 2 XML Syntax
• Elements must have a closing tag
• Elements must be correctly nested

23

• ltbookgt
• lttitlegtMy First XMLlt/titlegt
• ltprod id"33-657" media"paper"gtlt/prodgt
• ltchaptergtIntroduction to XML
• ltparagtWhat is HTMLlt/paragt
• ltparagtWhat is XMLlt/paragt
• lt/chaptergt
• ltchaptergtXML Syntax ltparagtElements must have a
  closing taglt/paragt ltparagtElements must be
  properly nestedlt/paragt lt/chaptergt
• lt/bookgt

24

• ltperson sex"female"gt ltfirstnamegtAnnalt/firstnamegt
  ltlastnamegtSmithlt/lastnamegt
• ltpersongt ltsexgtfemalelt/sexgt ltfirstnamegtAnnalt/firstn
  amegt ltlastnamegtSmithlt/lastnamegt lt/persongt

25
Bad Design

• ltnote day"12" month"11" year"99" to"Tove"
  from"Jani" heading"Reminder" body"Don't forget
  me this weekend!"gt lt/notegt

26

• ltnote date"12/11/99"gt lttogtTovelt/togt
  ltfromgtJanilt/fromgt ltheadinggtReminderlt/headinggt
  ltbodygtDon't forget me this weekend!lt/bodygt lt/notegt

27

• ltnotegt ltdategt12/11/99lt/dategt lttogtTovelt/togt
  ltfromgtJanilt/fromgt ltheadinggtReminderlt/headinggt
  ltbodygtDon't forget me this weekend!lt/bodygt lt/notegt

28

• ltnotegt ltdategt ltdaygt12lt/daygt ltmonthgt11lt/monthgt
  ltyeargt99lt/yeargt lt/dategt lttogtTovelt/togt
  ltfromgtJanilt/fromgt ltheadinggtReminderlt/headinggt
  ltbodygtDon't forget me this weekend!lt/bodygt
  lt/notegt

29

• PCDATA
• XML parsers treat all text as Parsable Characters
  (PCDATA).
• When an XML element is parsed, the text between
  the XML tags is also parsed
• CDATA
• Everything inside a CDATA section is ignored by
  the parser.
• Starts with "lt!CDATA" and ends with "gt"

30

• ltpersongt ltnamegt Alan lt/namegt
• ltagegt 42 lt/agegt
• ltemailgt agb_at_abc.com lt/ email gt
• lt/persongt
• or
• ltperson nameAlan age 42 email
  agb_at_abc.com /gt
• or
• ltperson age 42 gt
• ltnamegt Alan lt/namegt
• ltemailgt agb_at_abc.com lt/ email gt
• lt/persongt

31
person
person
email
name
age
email
name
age
Alan
42
agb_at_abc.com
Alan
agb_at_abc.com
42
32

• XML can associates unique identifier to elements,
  as the value of certain attribute Called id
• Refer that element using idref

33

• ltmessagesgt
• ltnote ID"501"gt
• lttogtTovelt/togt
• ltfromgtJanilt/fromgt ltheadinggtReminderlt/headinggt
  ltbodygtDon't forget me this weekend!lt/bodygt
• lt/notegt
• ltnote ID"502"gt lttogtJanilt/togt ltfromgtTovelt/fromgt
  ltheadinggtRe Reminderlt/headinggt ltbodygtI will
  not!lt/bodygt lt/notegt
• lt/messagesgt

34

• ltstate ids2gt
• ltscodegtNElt/scodegt
• ltsnamegtNevadalt/snamegt
• lt/stategt
• ltcity idc2gt
• ltccodegtCCNlt/ccodegt
• ltcnamegtCarson Citylt/cnamegt
• ltstate-of idref s2/gt
• lt/citygt

35
a
a
c
b
36

• ltagtltb ido123gt some string lt/bgtlt/agt
• lta co123/gt
• Assume c as reference attribute
• lta bo123/gt
• ltagtltc ido123gt some string lt/bgtlt/agt
• Assume b as reference attribute

37

• ltgeographygt
• ltstatesgt
• ltstate ids1gt
• ltscodegtIDlt/scodegt
• ltsnamegtIdaholt/snamegt
• ltcapital idrefc1/gt
• ltcities-in idrefc1/gtltcities-in idrefc3/gt
• lt/stategt
• ltstate ids2gt
• ltscodegtNElt/scodegt
• ltsnamegtNevadalt/snamegt
• ltcapital idrefc2/gt
• ltcities-in idrefc2/gt.
• lt/stategt
• .
• lt/statesgt

38

• ltcitiesgt
• ltcity idc1gt
• ltccodegtBOIlt/ccodegt
• ltcnamegtBoiselt/cnamegt
• ltstate-of idref s1/gt
• lt/citygt
• ltcity idc2gt
• ltccodegtCCNlt/ccodegt
• ltcnamegtCarson Citylt/cnamegt
• ltstate-of idref s2/gt
• lt/citygt
• ltcity idc3gt
• ltccodegtMOClt/ccodegt
• ltcnamegtMoscowlt/cnamegt
• ltstate-of idref s1/gt
• lt/citygt
• lt/citiesgt
• lt/geographygt

39
Ordering

• personfirstname John, lastnameSmith
• personlastname Smith,firstname John
• As SSD, both are same

40

• These two are not same as XML documents
• ltpersongtltfirstnamegtJohnlt/firstnamegt
• ltlastnamegtSmith lt/lastnamegtlt/persongt
• ltpersongtltlastnamegtSmith lt/lastnamegt
  ltfirstnamegtJohnlt/firstnamegtlt/persongt
• The following two are equivalent as attributes
  are not ordered
• ltperson firstnameJohnlastnameSmith/gt
• ltperson lastnameSmith firstnameJohn/gt

41
Mixing elements and Text

• ltPersongt
• This is my best friend
• ltNamegt Alan lt/Namegt
• ltAgegt 42 lt/Agegt
• I am not too sure of the following email
• ltEmailgt agb_at_abc.com lt/Email gt
• lt/Persongt

42

• lt!- - this is a comment - -gt - Comments are
  allowed anywhere except inside markup and is a
  part of the document.
• lt?xml-stylesheet hrefbook.css
  typetext/css?gt - Processing instructions for
  applications
• lt?xml version1.0?gt This is not PI, not passed
  to application.
• lt!CDATAltstartgtthis is an incorrect element
  lt/endgtgt
• lt!DOCTYPE name markupdeclarationsgt
• lt?xml.?gt
• lt!DOCTYPE name markupdeclarationsgt
• ltnamegtlt/namegt

43

• ltdbgtltpersongt ltnamegt Alan lt/namegt
• ltagegt 42 lt/agegt
• ltemailgt agb_at_abc.com lt/ email gt
• lt/persongt
• ltpersongt lt/persongt
• lt/dbgt
• lt!DOCTYPE db
• lt!ELEMENT db (person)gt
• lt!ELEMENT person (name,age,email)gt
• lt!ELEMENT name (PCDATA)gt
• lt!ELEMENT age (PCDATA)gt
• lt!ELEMENT email (PCDATA)gt
• gt

44
Recursion

• lt!ELEMENT node (leaf (node,node))gt
• lt!ELEMENT leaf (PCDATA)gt
• An example of such XML document is
• ltnodegt
• ltnodegt
• ltnodegt ltleafgt 1 lt/leafgt lt/nodegt
• ltnodegt ltleafgt 2 lt/leafgt lt/nodegt
• lt/nodegt
• ltnodegt
• ltleafgt 3 lt/leafgt
• lt/nodegt
• lt/nodegt

45

• ltdbgt
• ltr1gtltagt a1 lt/agtltbgt b1 lt/bgtltcgt c1 lt/cgtlt/r1gt
• ltr1gtltagt a2 lt/agtltbgt b2 lt/bgtltcgt c2 lt/cgtlt/r1gt
• ltr2gtltcgt c2 lt/cgtltdgt d2 lt/dgtlt/r2gt
• ltr2gtltcgt c3 lt/cgtltdgt d3 lt/dgtlt/r2gt
• ltr2gtltcgt c4 lt/cgtltdgt d4 lt/dgtlt/r2gt
• ltdbgt

46

• lt!DOCTYPE db
• lt!ELEMENT db (r1,r2)gt
• lt!ELEMENT r1 (a,b,c)gt
• lt!ELEMENT r2 (c,d)gt
• lt!ELEMENT a (PCDATA)gt
• lt!ELEMENT b (PCDATA)gt
• lt!ELEMENT c (PCDATA)gt
• lt!ELEMENT d (PCDATA)gt
• gt

47

• lt!ELEMENT r2 ((c,d) (d,c))gt
• lt!ELEMENT db ((r1r2))gt
• lt!ELEMENT r1 (a,b?,c)gt
• lt!DOCTYPE db lt!ELEMENT gtgt
• lt!DOCTYPE db SYSTEM schema.dtdgt
• lt!DOCTYPE db SYSTEM http//www.schemaauthority.co
  m/schema.dtdgt

48

• ltproductgt
• ltname languageFrench department musicgt
• trompette six trous lt/namegt
• ltprice currencyEurogt 420.12 lt/pricegt
• lt/productgt
• lt!ATTLIS name
• language CDATA REQUIRED
• department CDATA IMPLIEDgt
• lt!ATTLIS price currency CDATA IMPLIEDgt

49

• IDREF attributes value is some other elements
  identifier
• iDREFS attributes value is a list of
  identifiers, separated by spaces
• lt!DOCTYPE family
• lt!ELEMENT family (person)gt
• lt!ELEMENT person (name)gt
• lt!ELEMENT name (PCDATA)gt
• lt!ATTLIS person id ID REQUIRED
• mother IDREF IMPLIED
• father IDREF IMPLIED
• children IDREFS IMPLIEDgt
• gt

50

• ltfamilygt
• ltperson idjane mothermary fatherjohngt
• ltnamegt Jane Doe lt/namegt
• lt/persongt
• ltperson idjohn children jane jack gt
• ltnamegt John Doe lt/namegt
• lt/persongt
• ltperson idmary children jane jack gt
• ltnamegt Mary Smith lt/namegt
• lt/persongt
• ltperson idjack mothersmith fatherjohngt
• ltnamegt Jack Smith lt/namegt
• lt/persongt
• lt/familygt

51

• lt!DOCTYPE geography
• lt!ELEMENT geography (state city)gt
• lt!ELEMENT state (scode,sname,capital,cities-in)gt
  
• lt!ATTLIST state id ID REQUIREDgt
• lt!ELEMENT scode (PCDATA)gt
• lt!ELEMENT sname (PCDATA)gt
• lt!ELEMENT capital EMPTYgt
• lt!ATTLIST capital idref IDREF REQUIREDgt
• lt!ELEMENT cities-in EMPTYgt
• lt!ATTLIST cities-in idref IDREF REQUIREDgt
• lt!ELEMENT city (ccode,cname,state-of)gt
• lt!ATTLIST city id IDgt
• lt!ELEMENT ccode (PCDATA)gt
• lt!ELEMENT cname (PCDATA)gt
• lt!ELEMENT state-of EMPTYgt
• lt!ATTLIST state-of idref IDREF REQUIREDgt
• gt

52

• ltcapital idref/gt
• lt!DOCTYPE geography
• lt!ELEMENT state (scode,sname,capital,cities-in)gt
• lt!ELEMENT cities-in EMPTYgt
• lt!ATTLIST cities-in idrefs IDREFS REQUIREDgt
• gt
• lt!ATTLIST state id ID REQUIRED
• capital IDREF REQUIRED
• cities-in IDREFS REQUIRED gt

53

• lt?xml version1.0?gt
• lt!DOCTYPE report
• lt!ENTITY abstract SYSTEM /u/abitebou/LEBOOK/abst
  ractgt
• lt!ENTITY content SYSTEM /u/suciu/LEBOOK/lebookgt
  
• gt
• ltreportgt
• ltmeta keywordsxml,www,web,semistructured
• authorAbiteboul,Buneman,Suciu
• date25.12.98/gt
• lttitlegtData on the web lt/titlegt
• abstract
• content
• lt/reportgt

54
Limitations of DTD

• Impose Order
• No notion of atomic type, for example age can
  be integer, but in DTD, it will be PCDATA
• No constraints
• Do not constrain the type of IDREFs state-of
  must be an identifier of a state element, while
  cities-in must be of type city
• Name tag may corresponds to classname and student
  name both

55

• ltA xmlLinkssimple HREFhttpwww-rocq.inria.fr
  /versogt
• Verso Group lt/Agt
• ltAHREFmailtoSerge.Abiteboul_at_inria.frgtSergelt/Agt
• ltnode xmllinksimple HREF
• report.xmlroot().child(2,section).child(3,subs
  ection)gt

56

• ltpayment-choice xmllinkextended
• inlinetrue
• roleform
• titlechoose form of paymentgt
• lttarget xmllinklocator
• hrefhttp//foo.bar.fr/visa-form.xml
• roleform
• titlevisa
• showembed
• actuateuser
• bahaviortypefield1no-scroll /gt
• lttarget xmllinklocator
• hrefhttp//foo.bar.fr/klee-form.xml
• roleform
• titlekleebox
• showembed
• actuateuser
• bahaviortypefield1no-scroll /gt
• lt/payment-choicegt

57

• Whereltbookgt
• ltpublishergtltnamegtMorgan Kaufmannlt/namegtlt/publishe
  rgt
• lttitlegt Tlt/titlegt
• ltauthorgt Alt/authorgt
• lt/bookgt in www.a.b.b/bib.xml
• Construct A
• The pattern above corresponds to
• book publisher name Morgan Kaufmann,
• title T,
• author A

58

• Where ltbookgt
• ltpublishergtltnamegtMorgan Kaufmannlt/gtlt/gt
• lttitlegt Tlt/gt
• ltauthorgt Alt/gt
• lt/gt in www.a.b.b/bib.xml
• ltbook year1991gt
• lt!- - A good introductory text--gt
• lttitlegt An Introduction to Parallel Algorithms
  and Architectures lt/titlegt
• ltauthorgt ltlastnamegt Leighton lt/lastnamegtlt/authorgt
• ltpublishergtltnamegt Morgan Kaufmann lt/namegt
  lt/publishergt
• lt/bookgt
• ltbook year1995gt
• lttitlegt Active database systems lt/titlegt
• ltauthorgt ltlastnamegt Ceri lt/lastnamegtlt/authorgt
• ltauthorgt ltlastnamegt Widom lt/lastnamegtlt/authorgt
• ltpublishergtltnamegt Morgan Kaufmann lt/namegt
  lt/publishergt
• lt/bookgt

59

• Construct ltresultgt
• ltauthorgt Alt/gt
• lttitlegt Tlt/gt
• lt/gt
• ltpublishergtltnamegt Morgan Kaufmann lt/namegt
  lt/publishergt
• ltresultgt ltauthorgt lt/authorgt
• lttitlegt lt/titlegt lt/ result gt

60

• ltanswergt
• Where ltbookgt
• ltpublishergtltnamegtMorgan Kaufmannlt/gtlt/gt
• lttitlegt Tlt/gt
• ltauthorgt Alt/gt
• lt/gt in www.a.b.b/bib.xml
• ltresultgt
• ltauthorgt ltlastnamegt Leighton lt/lastnamegtlt/authorgt
  
• lttitlegt An Introduction to Parallel Algorithms
  and Architectures lt/titlegt
• lt/resultgt
• ltresultgt
• ltauthorgt ltlastnamegt Ceri lt/lastnamegtlt/authorgt
• lttitlegt Active database systems lt/titlegt
• lt/resultgt
• ltresultgt
• ltauthorgt ltlastnamegt Widom lt/lastnamegtlt/authorgt
• lttitlegt Active database systems lt/titlegt
• lt/resultgt
• Construct ltresultgt

61

• Where ltbookgt lttitlegt T lt/titlegtltpricegt
  plt/pricegt
• lt/bookgt in www.a.b.c/bib.xml,
• Construct ltresultgt ltbooktitlegt T lt/booktitlegt
• ltbookpricegt P lt/bookpricegt
• lt/resultgt
• The above query will ignore books having no price
  attribute!
• Where ltbookgt Blt/bookgt in www.a.b.c/bib.xml,
• lttitlegt T lt/titlegt in B
• Construct ltresultgt ltbooktitlegt T lt/booktitlegt
• where ltpricegt P lt/pricegt in B
• construct ltbookpricegt P lt/bookpricegt
• lt/resultgt

62

• ltresultgt ltbooktitlegt lt/booktitlegt lt/resultgt
• ltresultgt ltbooktitlegt lt/booktitlegt
• ltbookpricegt lt/bookpricegt
• lt/resultgt
• ltresultgt ltbooktitlegt lt/booktitlegt
• ltbookpricegt lt/bookpricegt
• lt/resultgt
• ltresultgt ltbooktitlegt lt/booktitlegt lt/resultgt
• ltresultgt ltbooktitlegt lt/booktitlegt
• ltbookpricegt lt/bookpricegt
• lt/resultgt

63

• Where ltbookgt ltauthorgt A lt/gtlt/gt in
  www.a.b.c/bib.xml,
• Construct ltresultgt
• ltauthorgt A lt/gt
• Where ltbookgt ltauthorgt A lt/authorgt
• lttitlegt T lt/titlegt
• lt/bookgt in www.a.b.c/bib.xml,
• Construct lttitlegt Tlt/gt
• lt/gt

64

• Where ltbookgtltpublishergtltnamegtMorgan Kaufmann
• lt/namegtlt/publishergt
• lt/bookgt
• element_as B in abc.xml
• Construct B
• Where ltbookgtTlt/ bookgt in abc.xml
• ltpublishergtltnamegtMorgan Kaufmann
• lt/namegtlt/publishergt in T
• ConstructltbookgtTlt/bookgt
• Where ltbookgtltpublishergtltnamegtMorgan Kaufmann
• lt/namegtlt/publishergt
• lt/bookgtcontent_as C in abc.xml
• Construct ltresultgt Clt/resultgt
• Where ltbookgtClt/ bookgt in abc.xml
• ltpublishergtltnamegtMorgan Kaufmannlt/namegtlt/publishe
  rgt in C
• Construct ltresultgt Clt/resultgt

65

• Where ltbook languageFrenchgt
• lttitlegtlt/gt element_as T
• lt/gt in abc.xml
• Construct T
• Where ltbook languageLgtlt/gt in abc.xml
• Construct ltresultgtLlt/resultgt
• Where ltbookgtltauthorgt A lt/authorgt lt/bookgt
• content_as B1 in abc.xml,
• ltbookgtltauthorgt A lt/authorgt lt/bookgt
• content_as B2 in abc.xml,
• B1 ! B2
• Construct ltresultgtAlt/resultgt

66

• Where ltPgt lttitlegt T lt/titlegt
• ltyeargt 1995lt/gt
• ltEgtSmithlt/gt
• lt/gt in www.a.b.c/bib.xml
• E in author, editor
• Construct ltPgt lttitlegt T lt/titlegt
• ltEgt Smith lt/gt
• lt/gt

67

• lt!ELEMENT part (name, brand, part)gt
• lt!ELEMENT name (PCDATA)gt
• lt!ELEMENT brand (PCDATA)gt
• Where ltpartgtltnamegt R lt/gt ltbrandgt Fordlt/gtlt/gt
• in www.a.b.c/bib.xml
• Construct ltresultgt R lt/gt

68

• ltnamegt R lt/gt ltbrandgt Fordlt/gt
• ltpartgtltnamegt R lt/gt ltbrandgt Fordlt/gtlt/gt
• ltpartgtltpartgtltnamegt R lt/gt ltbrandgt Fordlt/gtlt/gtlt/gt
• ltpartgtltpartgtltpartgtltnamegt R lt/gt ltbrandgt
  Fordlt/gtlt/gtlt/gtlt/gt
• Where ltgtltnamegt r lt/gt ltbrandgt Fordlt/gtlt/gt
• in www.a.b.c/bib.xml
• Construct ltresultgt r lt/gt
• lt,brandgt Fordlt/gt
• Where ltpart.(subpartcomponent.piece)gtr lt/gt
• in www.a.b.c/parts.xml
• Construct ltresultgt r lt/gt

69

• ltagt ltbgt X lt/bgtltcgt Ylt/cgtlt/agt
• ltagt ltbgt 1 lt/bgtltcgt 2lt/cgtlt/agt
• ltagt ltcgt 2 lt/cgtltbgt 1lt/bgtlt/agt
• ltagt ltbgt 1 lt/bgt
• ltcgt 2lt/cgt
• ltbgt 3 lt/bgt
• ltcgt 4lt/cgt
• lt/agt
• ltagt ltcgt Y lt/cgtltbgt Xlt/bgtlt/agt

70

• ltaIgtlt/gt
• ltXJgtlt/gt
• Where ltpersongt P lt/gt in www.a.b.c/people.xml,
• ltfirstnameIgt X lt/gt in P,
• ltlastnameJ gtY lt/gt in P,
• J lt I
• Construct ltpersongt P lt/gt

71

• Where ltpubgt P lt/gt in www.a.b.c/bib.xml,
• lttitlegt T lt/gt in P,
• ltyeargt Y lt/gt in P
• ltmonthgt Z lt/gt in P
• Order-by Y,Z
• Construct ltresultgt T lt/gt

72

• Where ltpubgt P lt/gt in www.a.b.c/bib.xml,
• Construct ltpubgt where ltauthorIgt A lt/gt in P
• Order-by I descending
• Construct ltauthorgt A lt/gt
• where ltEgt V lt/gt in P
• E ! author
• construct ltEgt V lt/gt
• lt/pubgt

73

• ltbibgt ltbookgtlttitlegtt1lt/titlegt
• ltauthorgta1lt/authorgt
• ltauthorgta2lt/authorgt
• lt/bookgt
• ltpapergtlttitlegtt2lt/titlegt
• ltauthorgta3lt/authorgt
• ltauthorgta4lt/authorgt
• lt/papergt
• ltbookgtlttitlegtt3lt/titlegt
• ltauthorgta5lt/authorgt
• ltauthorgta6lt/authorgt
• ltauthorgta7lt/authorgt
• lt/bookgt
• lt/bibgt

74

• ltxs1templategt
• ltxs1apply-templates/gt
• lt/xs1templategt
• ltxs1template match/bib//titlegt
• ltresultgt
• ltxs1value-of/gt
• lt/resultgt
• lt/xs1templategt

75

• ltresultgtt1lt/resultgt
• ltresultgtt2lt/resultgt
• ltresultgtt3lt/resultgt
• Where ltbibgt ltbookgt lttitlegt T lt/gt lt/gt lt/gt in
  input
• Construct ltresultgt T lt/resultgt

76

• bib matches a bib element
• matches any element
• / matches the root
• /bib matches a bib element immediately after
  root
• bib/paper matches a paper following a bib
• bib//paper matches a paper following a bib at
  any depth
• //paper matches a paper at any depth
• paperbook matches a paper or a book
• _at_language matches a language attribute
• bib/book/_at_language the language attribute of a
  book

77

• lt!- - this is comment 1- - gt
• lt!- - this is comment 2- - gt
• ltbibgtltbibgt
• lt!- - this is comment 3- - gt
• bib/paperyear and publisher/name and _at_language
• ltxs1template matchpatterngt
• template
• ltxs1templategt

78

• ltxs1template matchAgt
• ltxs1element nameBgt
• ltxs1value-of/gt
• ltxs1element/gt
• lt/xs1templategt
• ltxs1template matchAgt
• ltBgtltxs1value-of/gtlt/Bgt
• lt/xs1templategt
• ltxs1template matchgt
• ltxs1element namename()gt
• ltxs1value-of/gt
• lt/xs1elementgt
• lt/xs1templategt

79

• ltxs1template match/gt
• ltHTMLgt
• ltHEADgt
• ltTITLEgtBibliography Entrieslt/TITLEgt
• lt/HEADgt
• ltBODYgt
• ltxs1apply-templates/gt
• lt/BODYgt
• lt/HTMLgt
• lt/xs1templategt
• ltxs1template matchtitlegt
• ltTDgt
• ltxs1value-of/gt
• lt/TDgt
• lt/xs1templategt
• ltxs1template matchauthorgt
• ltTDgt
• ltxs1value-of/gt
• lt/TDgt

80

• ltxs1template matchbookgt
• ltTRgt
• ltxs1apply-templates selecttitle/gt
• ltxs1apply-templates selectauthor/gt
• lt/TRgt
• lt/xs1templategt
• ltxs1template matchbibgt
• ltTABLEgt
• ltTBODYgt
• ltxs1apply-templates/gt
• lt/TBODYgt
• lt/TABLEgt
• lt/xs1templategt

81

• ltHTMLgt
• ltHEADgt
• ltTITLEgtBibliography Entrieslt/TITLEgt
• lt/HEADgt
• ltBODYgt
• ltTABLEgt
• ltTBODYgt ltTRgtltTDgtt1lt/TDgtltTDgta1lt/TDgtltTDgta2
  lt/TDgtlt/TRgt
• ltTRgtltTDgtt2lt/TDgtltTDgta3lt/TDgtltTDgta4lt/TDgtlt/TRgt
• ltTRgtltTDgtt3lt/TDgtltTDgta5lt/TDgtltTDgta6 lt/TDgtltTDgt
  a7lt/TDgtlt/TRgt
• lt/TBODYgt
• lt/TABLEgt
• lt/BODYgt
• lt/HTMLgt