Layer

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Layer Cake
Time for a Date
Drifting Apart
Rock
Roll
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The layer thats solid nickel iron
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U
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Producing this photograph is a form of this
geological technique.
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Remote Sensing
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Types of vibrational waves transmitted through
the mantle of the earth
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P S Waves
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Waves that are transmitted through the surface of
the earth are named for this scientist
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A.E.H. Love
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Distance to the earthquake epicenter when a 5.5
minute interval between P S wave detection
exists
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4000 km
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Two species that did not exist at the same time
as Dinosaurs
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Primates Trilobites

• Trilobites became extinct over 250 million years
  ago. Primates first appeared about 30 million
  years ago.

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Rock containing Trilobite fossils are at least
this old
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251 million years
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Oldest of the 3 species pictured above
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Conifers date back over 300 million years
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Fault N occurred between the formation of these
two layers
J
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P J
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Age of a rock layer containing a 31 ratio of
40Ar to 40K
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2.6 billion years

• A 31 ratio of 40Ar to 40K equates to 75 40Ar
  and 25 40K indicating that 2 half-lives have
  passed.

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This theory explains how lithospheric plates move
around on the fluid aesthenosphere
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Plate Tectonics
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The theory of continental drift was first
proposed by this scientist.
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Alfred Wegener
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The theory of continental drift was first
proposed because of these 3 main pieces of
evidence.
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Jigsaw puzzle fit of continents Matching
Geological Structures Fossil Evidence
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The Juan de Fuca Plate meets the North American
Plate at a convergent boundary. The difference
in this property of the two plates results in a
subduction zone
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Density

• The less dense oceanic plate slides under the
  denser continental plate

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Mt. St. Helens Mt. Adams are this type of
volcanic mountain.
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Composite

• Composite volcanoes are formed from the hot spots
  resulting from the increased pressure in a
  subduction zone

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The three main categories of rock type
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Sedimentary, Igneous Metamorphic
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Of the three main categories of rock type, the
one that is formed by the cooling of hot magma
sometimes resulting in dykes or sills
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Igneous
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Why 14C is unsuitable for determining the age of
the deepest oldest rock layers
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14C dating is only accurate up to about 70,000
years.

• Amounts of 14C are difficult to measure after
  this time period has passed.

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Name of the layer including both the crust and
the mantle
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Lithosphere
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Marble Slate which are formed by heat and
pressure exerted onto pre-exiting rocks are this
type of rock.
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Metamorphic
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The instrument used for detecting vibrations
caused by an earthquake
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Seismograph
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The Hawaiian Islands were formed by the Pacific
Plate passing over a hot spot in the mantle
resulting in this type of volcano.
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Shield

• Olympus Mons on Mars is a shield volcano that is
  over 25 km high about 3 times higher than
  Everest

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A mix of gas, ash and debris exceeding 1000 OC
spewed from a volcano
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Pyroclastic flow
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Tsunamis are the result of these.
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Underwater earthquakes
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Process in which seismic wave vibration causes
groundwater to rise to the surface turning solid
ground into a liquid like material.
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Liquefaction