Week 10

1
Week 10

• Chapter 10
• Environmental Issues

2
Global Environmental Issues

• Natural environment as stakeholder
• The physical world, including all biological
  entities as well as the interaction among nature,
  individuals, and organizations.
• Atmosphere, water, land, biosphere (plant
  animal species and habitat), and other renewable
  natural resources.
• Energy production, industry and transportation
  are primary contributors.

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Earth
4
Atmospheric Issues

• Air pollution arises from three difference
  sources
• Stationary sources (factories and powerplants)
• Mobile sources (transportation)
• Natural occurrences(windblown dust, volcanoes,
  etc.)
• Acid Rain (coal fired powerplants)
• Global warming
• Carbon dioxide and other gases from the burning
  of fossile fuels collect in the Earths
  atmosphere, trapping the suns heat like a
  greenhouse, preventing the Earth from cooling.

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Figure 10.1 "Leading Emitters of Greenhouse Gases"
Source Miles O'Brien, "Causes of Global Warming
Messing with the Thermostat Can Be Devastating,"
CNN.
6
Water Issues

• Water pollution
• Disposal of of raw sewage and toxic chemicals.
• Oil and gas spills.
• Burial of industrial wastes.
• Fertilizers and pesticides used in farming also
  drain into water supplies.

• Water quantity
• Water usage is increasing .
• Increased use changes environmental conditions.
• Aquifers being used faster than they can
  naturally be replenished.
• Lack of clean water in developing nations.

7
Land Issues

• Land pollution
• Dumping of residential and industrial waste,
  strip mining, and poor forest conservation.
• Waste management
• Disposing of waste in an environmentally
  responsible manner.
• Deforestation
• Destruction of natural habitats, such as the rain
  forest.
• Urban sprawl
• Cities and surrounding areas become too
  congested, chaotic, and dispersed. Arable land
  developed.

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Table 9.1
TABLE 10.2
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Biodiversity

• Deforestation, pollution, development, and urban
  sprawl have put increasing pressure on wildlife,
  plants, and their habitats.
• Many ecologists believe that the loss of species
  threatens the success of entire ecosystems.
• Only 7 of Earths surface (rainforests) contains
  over 50 known biologic species
• Greater diversity more resilience for entire
  system.

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Genetically Modified Foods

• Genetic engineering involves transferring one or
  more genes from one organism to another to create
  a new life form that has unique traits.
• I.e. insect or virus immunity.
• Long term effects cannot be predicted.
• Large numbers of altered species could upset
  delicate balance.

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Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

• The most influential regulatory agency (founded
  1970).
• Protects Americans from significant health risks
  in their work environment.
• Manages environmental risks.
• Contributes to diverse, sustainable, and
  economically productive communities and
  ecosystems.
• Enforces laws and provides information.
• Science-based efforts.
• Is an integral part of U.S. policy.

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Goals of the EPA

• Ensure clean air and safe water.
• Ensure safe food.
• Prevent pollution.
• Increase legal compliance.
• Improve waste management.
• Reduce global environmental risks.
• Expand Americans right to know about their
  environment.
• Use sound science to improve understanding, and
  innovation.
• Effectively manage all of these.

13
Environmental Legislation

• Clean Air Act, 1970
• Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide
  Act, 1972
• Endangered Species Act, 1973
• Toxic Substances Control Act, 1976
• Clean Water Act, 1977
• Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know
  Act, 1986
• Pollution Prevention Act, 1990
• Food Quality Protection Act, 1996
• Kyoto Protocol Treaty, signed by 151 US mayors
• CAFÉ regulations

14
Business Response Green Marketing

• Green marketing is specific development, pricing,
  promotion, and distribution of products that
  produce less harm to the environment.
• Many products are certified as green by
  environmental organizations.
• Consumers manipulated by green marketing claims.
• Companies should strive to eliminate the concept
  of waste, and should rethink what constitutes a
  product.
• Product pricing should reflect true costs (I.e.
  cost to replenish natural resources consumed or
  damaged).

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Recycling Initiatives

• Reprocessing of materials for reuse.
• Steel
• Aluminum
• Paper (preferably post-consumer)
• Glass
• Rubber and some plastics
• Over 50 of products sold in stores are packaged
  in recyclable paperboard.

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US Recycling Rates
Source "A Few Facts About Steel-- North
America's 1 Recycled Material," Steel Recycling
Institute, www.recycle-steel.org, accessed
January 31, 2003. Reprinted by permission from
the Steel Recycling Institute
http//www.epa.gov/msw/facts.htm
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Metro Region Recyling - 2005

• Waste generated 2,665,129 tons Waste
  landfilled 1,263,721 tons Waste recovered
  1,401,408 tons
• Materials collected for recycling, composting or
  energy recovery account for 53 of the Metro
  regions overall recovery rate of 59
• Backyard composting, waste prevention and reuse
  activities carried out through regional campaigns
  and local programs account for the remaining 6.
• Four materials account for the majority of the
  regions increased recovery from 2004 to 2005
• Scrap metal (up 39)Yard trimmings (up 15)Wood
  (up 3)Plastic packaging and products (up 52)
• Recovery of paper, food waste and wallboard
  decreased in 2005 compared to the year prior (a
  combined total of 20,000 fewer tons than in
  2004).
• Recovery from curbside recycling was up slightly
  in 2005. Recycling of paper and
  containers increased 4,000 tons, or 3 from the
  year prior.

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US Beverage Container Recycling
www.container-recycling.org/statement/OregonBB30.p
df
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States with Container Deposits

• California (5 cents 10 cents for bottles 24 fl
  oz or greater), implemented in 1987 and increased
  25 in 2007
• Hawaii (5 cents), 2005
• Massachusetts (5 cents), 1983
• New York (5 cents), 1982
• Delaware (5 cents), 1982
• Connecticut (5 cents), 1980
• Iowa (5 cents), 1979 (also applies to wine
  bottles)
• Maine (5 cents, 15 cents for some wine bottles),
  1978
• Michigan (10 cents), 1978 (beer bottles were 5
  cents until the 1980s)
• Vermont (5 cents), 1973
• Oregon (5 cents), 1972 (adding water bottles in
  2008)

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Other Environmental Initiatives

• Efficient lighting and heating
• Green power
• Biofuels
• Wind
• Hydropower
• Nuclear?
• Converting waste heat
• Emmissions trading
• Socially responsible buying
• Attempts to take into account the public
  consequences of organizational buying.

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Strategic Approachesto Environmental Issues
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Stakeholder Assessment Risk Analysis

• Stakeholder Assessment A process requiring
  acknowledging and actively monitoring the
  environmental concerns of all legitimate
  stakeholders.
• Risk Analysis Identify potential environmental
  issues that relate to manufacturing, marketing,
  consumption, and usage patterns associated with
  its products.

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The Strategic Environmental Audit

• Organizations conduct an independent audit and
  report the results to all interested
  stakeholders.
• Organizations developed ISO 14,000 as a
  comprehensive set of environmental standards that
  encourage a cleaner, safer, healthier world.
• Promotes a common approach to environmental
  management and helps companies attain and measure
  improvements in environmental performance.
• http//www.iso.org