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Physical Development of Early Childhood

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2-3 inches in height per year. About 5 pounds per year ... Reticular formation. Maintains alertness & consciousness. Myelinates throughout early childhood, ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Physical Development of Early Childhood


1
Physical Development ofEarly Childhood
  • Psychology 333
  • Child DevelopmentDennis H. Karpowitz, Ph.D.

2
Time Period
  • Ages two to six
  • Preschool
  • Kindergarten
  • First Grade

3
Changes in Body Sizeand Proportions
  • 2-3 inches in height per year
  • About 5 pounds per year
  • Posture balance improve
  • Individual differences increase

4
Skeletal Growth
  • 45 epiphyses - Cartilage to bone
  • Skeletal age determined by x-ray
  • Best measure of physical maturity
  • By 5 primary teeth start to come in
  • Care of teeth
  • Poor among the disadvantaged
  • Excellent in the middle class

5
Asynchronous Physical Growth
  • General growth curve
  • Rapid in infancy
  • Slow in early childhood
  • Slow in middle childhood
  • Rapid in adolescence

6
Brain Synaptic Growthand Pruning
  • Brain metabolism peak _at_ 4 years of age
  • Accounts for plasticity of the child brain
  • Synaptic pruning
  • Infrequently stimulated neurons loosetheir
    connective fibers
  • Rapid bursts of synaptic growth
  • High rates of cell death
  • Plasticity reduced by 10 years of ageto near
    adult levels.

7
Brain lateralization
  • Hemispheres develop at diff. Rates
  • Specialization
  • Left Hemisphere
  • Dramatic activity between 3 6
  • Right Hemisphere
  • Slow increases between 3 6
  • Slight spurt between 8 10

8
Handedness
  • By age 2 handedness is fairly stable
  • Dominant cerebral hemisphere
  • Responsible for skilled motor action
  • Right handedness Dominant LEFThemisphere.

9
Handedness Cont.
  • Left handedness - Motor and language skill
    shared between hemispheres.
  • Less strongly lateralized
  • More likely to be ambidextrous
  • Outstanding verbal mathematical skills
  • Most fetuses lie turned toward the leftin the
    uterus - this may promote greaterpostural
    control by the right side ofthe body.

10
Other brain advances
  • Cerebellum
  • Controls balance body movement
  • Myelinization not complete until 4
  • Reticular formation
  • Maintains alertness consciousness
  • Myelinates throughout early childhood,middle
    childhood and adolescence
  • Corpus callosum
  • Myelinization doest not begin until year 2.

11
Hormones - Pituitary gland
  • Growth hormone (GH)
  • Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • Stimulates the release of thyroxinenecessary for
    growth brain develop.

12
Emotional Well-Being
  • Stressful home
  • Respiratory illnesses
  • Intestinal illnesses
  • Unintentional injuries
  • Deprivation dwarfism

13
Sleep
  • GH released during sleeping hours
  • 12-13 hours for ages 2 to 3
  • 10 to 11 hours for ages 4 to 6
  • Nightmares common between 3 6
  • 15 children have sleep problems

14
Nutrition
  • Appetites decrease due to slower growth
  • Picky eaters
  • Need a high-quality diet
  • Iron, calcium, Vitamins C A impt.
  • Disadvantaged children 1 inch shorterby age
    seven.

15
Infectious Diseases
  • Malnutrition
  • Immunizations
  • Day care middle ear infections

16
Childhood Injuries
  • Auto accidents, drowning, burns
  • Complex ecological system
  • Higher activity levels
  • Irritability, inattentivenessand negative mood
  • Poverty low parent education
  • US highest in childhood injuriesamong
    industrialized nations.

17
Prevention of ChildhoodInjuries How?
18
Motor Development
  • Gross motor development
  • Balance improves
  • Runs, jumps, hops, throws and catches, skips
  • Fine motor development
  • Self-help skills
  • Drawing and writing
  • Body build influences
  • Enhancing motor development.

19
Perceptual Development
  • Differentiation theory
  • What is the same?
  • What is unique?
  • Reading to the child is important
  • The child will take an increasing active role.
  • .
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