Contemporary Issues In Leadership

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Chapter 13

• Contemporary Issues In Leadership

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Contemporary Issues In Leadership

• Framing Using Words to Shape Meaning and Inspire
  Others
• Framing the use of language to manage meaning
• Through framing leaders determine whether pepoe
  notice problems, how they understand and remember
  problems, and how they react to problems

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Contemporary Issues In Leadership

• Inspirational approaches to Leadership
• Charismatic Leadership
• Max Weber (1950s) a certain quality of an
  individual personality, by virtue o which he or
  she is set apart frm ordinary people and treated
  as endowed with supernaturally, superhuman, or at
  least specifically exceptional powers or
  qualities. These are not accessible to the
  ordinary personal but are regarded as of divine
  origin or exemplary, and on the basis of them the
  individual concerned is treated as a leader.

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Contemporary Issues In Leadership

• Inspirational approaches to Leadership (cont)
• Robert House Charismatic Leadership Theory
• Followers make attributions of heriod or
  extraordinary leadership abilities when they
  observe certain behaviors
• Visions
• Willing to take personal risks to achieve the
  vision
• Sensitive to followers needs
• Exhibit behaviors that are ou of the ordinary

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Contemporary Issues In Leadership

• Inspirational approaches to Leadership (cont)
• Charismatic Leaders born or made?
• Individuals are born with traits that make them
  charismatic
• Most experts believe that individuals can be
  treaied to exhibit charismatic behaviors
• Optimistic view
• Creating a bond that inspires others to follow
• Brings out the potential in followers by tapping
  into the emotions

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Contemporary Issues In Leadership

• Inspirational approaches to Leadership (cont)
• How charismatic Leaders influcence Foloowers
• Four Step Process
• Vision a long-term strategy on how to attain a
  goal or goals
• Vision statement a formal articulation of an
  organizations vision or mission
• New set of values
• sets and example for followers to imitate

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Contemporary Issues In Leadership

• Inspirational approaches to Leadership (cont)
• Does Effective Charismatic Leadership Depend on
  the Situation?
• Research shows that there are correlations
  between charismatic leadership and high
  performance and satisfaction among followers
• Organizations with charismatic CEOs are motivated
  to exert extra work effort and express greater
  satisfaction
• Charisma may not always be generalizable

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Contemporary Issues In Leadership

• Inspirational approaches to Leadership
• Does Effective Charismatic Leadership Depend on
  the Situation? (cont)
• Appears to be most successful when the followers
  task has an ideological component or when the
  environment involes a high degree of stress and
  uncertainty
• Charisma probably has more direct relevance to
  explaining the success and failures of chief
  executives than of lower-level managers
• May affect some followers more than others

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Contemporary Issues In Leadership

• Does Effective Charismatic Leadership Depend on
  the Situation?
• The Dark Side of Charismatic Leadership
• Charismatic CEOs were able to use their charisma
  to leverage higher salaries even when their
  performance was mediocre
• Many use their power to remake organizations in
  their own image
• Blurred boundaries separating their personal
  interests from their organizations interests
• Intolerant of criticism
• Can reach beyond the walls of the workplace

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Contemporary Issues In Leadership

• Transformational leadership
• Transactional leaders (Fiedler) guide or motivate
  their followers in the direction of established
  goals by clarifying role and task requirements
• Transformational leaders inspire followers to
  transcend their own self-interests for the good
  of the organization
• Not opposing approaches

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Contemporary Issues In Leadership

• Transformational leadership (cont)
• Full range of leadership model
• See Exhibit 13-3 in book
• How transformational leadership works
• Encourage followers to be more innovative and
  creative
• Followers are more likely to pursue ambitious
  goals, be familiar with and agree on the
  strategic goals of the organization and believe
  that the goals they are pursuing are personally
  important
• Research shows that vision is more important
  that a charismatic communication style in
  explaining the success of entrepreneurial firms
• Engenders commitment on the part of the followers
  and instills in them a greater sense of trust in
  the leader

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Contemporary Issues In Leadership

• Transformational leadership (cont)
• Evaluation of transformational leadership
• Studies show that
• Has broad cross-cultural support
• Related to the motivations and satisfaction of
  followers and to the higher performance and
  perceived effectiveness of leaders
• Contingent reward leadership is sometimes more
  effective than transformational leadership

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Contemporary Issues In Leadership

• Transformational leadership (cont)
• Transformational Leadership vs. Charismatic
  Leadership
• House considers them synonymous
• Bass considers charisma to be part of
  transformational leadership
• Transformational leadership is broader than
  charisma
• Charisma by itself is insufficient to account for
  the transformational process

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Contemporary Issues In Leadership

• Transformational leadership
• Transformational Leadership vs. Charismatic
  Leadership (cont)
• Studies show that a leader who scores high on
  transformational leadership is also likely to
  score high on charisma measures may be roughly
  equivalent

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Contemporary Issues In Leadership

• Authentic Leadership Ethics and Trust Are the
  Foundation of Leadership
• Jean Paul Sartre (1700s) an authentic person
  needs to be honest with oneself and avoid
  self-deception
• Authentic leaders
• Know who they are
• Know what they believe in and value
• Act on those values and beliefs openly and
  candidly

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Contemporary Issues In Leadership

• Authentic Leadership (cont)
• Ethics and Leadership
• Transformtional leaders have been described by
  one authority as fostering moral virtue when they
  try to change the attitudes and behaviors of
  followers
• Unethical leaders are more likely to use their
  charisma to enhance power over followers
• Leadership effectiveness needs to address the
  means that a leader uses in trying to achieve
  goals as well as the content of those goals

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Contemporary Issues In Leadership

• Authentic Leadership (cont)
• Trust
• a positive expectation that another will not act
  opportunistically
• A history dependent process based on relevant but
  limited samples of experience
• Involves making oneself vulnerable by disclosing
  intimate information or rely on anothers
  promises
• Provides the opportunity for disappointment or to
  be taken advantage of
• Willingness to take risks is common to all trust
  situations

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Contemporary Issues In Leadership

• Authentic Leadership (cont)
• Key dimensions of trust
• Integrity
• Competence
• Consistency
• Loyalty

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Contemporary Issues In Leadership

• Authentic Leadership (cont)
• Trust and leadership
• When trust is broken it has serious adverse
  effects on a groups performance
• Trust and trust-worthiness modulate the leaders
  access to knowledge and cooperation
• If peole are going to follow somone willingly
  they first want to assure themselves that the
  person is worthy of their trust

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Contemporary Issues In Leadership

• Authentic Leadership (cont)
• Types of Trust
• Deterrence-based based on fear of reprisal if
  the trust is violated
• One violation or inconsistency can destroy the
  relationship
• Only works to the degree that puishment is
  possible, consequences are clear, and the
  punishment is actually imposed if the trust if
  violated
• Most new relationship begin on a base of
  deterrence

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Contemporary Issues In Leadership

• Authentic Leadership
• Types of Trust (cont)
• Knowledge Based
• Based on behavioral predictability that comes
  from a history of interaction
• Relies on information rather than deterrence
• The more communication and regula interaction the
  more this form of trust can be developed and
  depended upon

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Contemporary Issues In Leadership

• Authentic Leadership
• Types of Trust (cont)
• Identification Based
• Emotional connection between the parties
• Allows one party to act as an agent for the other
  and substitute for that person in interpersonal
  transactions

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Contemporary Issues In Leadership

• Authentic Leadership (cont)
• Basic Principals of Trust
• Mistrust drives out trust
• Trust begets trust
• Growth often masks mistrust
• Decline or downsizing test the highest levels of
  trust
• Trust increases cohesion
• Mistrusting groups self-destruct
• Mistrust generally reduces productivity

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Contemporary Issues In Leadership

• Authentic Leadership (cont)
• Is Trust in Leaders Declining?
• Americans seem to have faith in each other
• General public holds corporate leaders in pretty
  low regard
• Corporate employers show considerably more trust
  in their own senior management than senior
  management shows in them

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Contemporary Issues In Leadership

• Contemporary Leadership Roles
• Providing Team Leadership
• Challenge for most managers is to learn how to
  become an effective team leader
• Know when to leave teams alone
• Team leaders are
• Liaisons with external constituencies
• Troubleshooters
• Conflict managers
• Coaches

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Contemporary Issues In Leadership

• Contemporary Leadership Roles (cont)
• Mentoring
• Mentor a senior employee who sponsors and
  supports a less-experienced employee
• Functions (see page 449)
• Career functions
• Psychological function
• Formal vs. Informal mentoring
• Informal mentoring is the most effective
  mentoring relationship outside the immediate
  boss-subordinate interface

Contemporary Issues In Leadership
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Contemporary Issues In Leadership

• Contemporary Leadership Roles (cont)
• Mentoring (cont)
• Mentor has unfiltered access to the attitudes and
  feelings of lower-ranking employees
• Protégés can be an excellent source of of
  identifying potential problems by providing early
  warning signals
• Minorities and women are less likely to
  participate in a mentoring relationships

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Contemporary Issues In Leadership

• Contemporary Leadership Roles (cont)
• Self-leadership
• Model self-leadership
• Encourage employees to create self-set goals
• Encourage the use of self-rewards to strengthen
  and increase desirable behaviors
• Create positive thought patterns
• Create a climate of self-leadership
• Encourage self-criticism

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Contemporary Issues In Leadership

• Contemporary Leadership Roles (cont)
• Online leadership
• Has received minimal attention from OB
• Need for good communication
• Tone of message needs to correctly reflect
  emotions
• Must match urgency or importance
• Leaders must choose a style
• Emoticons
• Jargon
• Abbreviations

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Contemporary Issues In Leadership

• Challenges to the Leadership Construct
• Much of the success or failure of an organization
  lies outside the role of leadership
• Leadership may be more about appearances than
  reality
• Some leadership will always be effective
  regardless of the situation

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Contemporary Issues In Leadership

• Challenges to the Leadership Construct (cont)
• Leadership as an Attribution
• Attribution theory leadership is merely an
  attribution that people make about other
  individuals
• At the organizational level, the attribution
  framework account for the conditions under which
  people use leadership to explain organizational
  outcomes
• Perception that effective leaders are generally
  considered consistent in their decisions
• Appearance is more important than actual
  accomplishments

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Contemporary Issues In Leadership

• Challenges to the Leadership Construct (cont)
• Substitutes and neutralizers to leadership (see
  exhibit 13-7)
• Neutralizers make it impossible for leader
  behavior to make any difference to follower
  outcomes they negate the leaders influence
• Certain individual, job and organizational
  variables can act a substitutes for leadership
  make leadership unnecessary

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Contemporary Issues In Leadership

• Finding and Creating Effective Leaders
• Selection
• Testing high scoring self-monitors are likely
  to outperform their low-scoring counterparts
  because the former are better at reading
  situation and adjusting their behavior
  accordingly
• Interviews
• Training
• Much of the money spent on training leadership
  may be wasted
• People are not equally trainable

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Contemporary Issues In Leadership

• Finding and Creating Effective Leaders
• Training (cont)
• What ca we train people to do?
• Implementation skills
• Trust building and mentoring
• Situational analysis skills
• Behavioral training through modeling exercises
  can increase an individuals ability to exhibit
  charismatic leadership qualities