The Neuron

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The Neuron
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The Action Potential Ion Flow
Sodium (Na) channels close Potassium (K)
recovers through the action of voltage-gated
Potassium (K) channels. When the membrane is so
depolarized, Sodium (Na) channels cannot open.
This represents the Absolute Refractory Period.
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The Action Potential Ion Flow
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Action Potential Propagation
The action potential travels at approx
10m/second. Approx 2cm of axon is involved in a
single depolarization Speed is governed by the
diameter of the axon and the number of ion
channels. Think of a leaky hose.
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The Synapse

• What happens when neuron meets neuron?

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The Synapse

• Possible synaptic configurations

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The Neuromuscular Junction
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The Neuromuscular Junction
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Neurotransmitters

• Glutamate
• GABA
• Glycine
• Acetylcholine
• Norepinephrine
• Substance P

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Neurotransmitters
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Neurotransmitter Release
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Generation of the EPSP
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Generation of the IPSP
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G-protein receptors

• Neurotransmitters activate G-proteins. These
  activate second messengers that change the
  response of the cell through opening ion channels
  or neurotransmitter production through enzyme and
  metabolic effects.

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G-protein Autoreceptors

• Presynaptic receptors that are sensitive to the
  transmitter are called autoreceptors. These
  receptors tend to inhibit the response of the
  presynaptic neuron. They function as a type of
  feedback mechanism to the neuron.

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Synaptic Integration

• Simple EPSP

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Synaptic Integration Spatial Summation

• Multiple EPSP summation from different neurons

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Synaptic Integration Temporal Summation

• Multiple EPSP summation from the same neuron

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Synaptic Inhibition

• IPSPs and shunting inhibition

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Basic Neuropharmacology

• ACh
• Acetylcholine
• Acetyl CoA
• Acetyle Coenzyme A
• ChAT
• Choline
• Acetyltransferace
• AChE
• Acetylcholinesterase

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Basic Neuropharmacology

• ACh
• Acetylcholine