Key Factors Influencing Regional SDI Development and Relevance to Global and other Levels

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Key Factors Influencing Regional SDI Development
and Relevance to Global and other Levels

Abbas Rajabifard
and
Ian Williamson
GSDI 6
Budapest, September/ 2002


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Overview

• Introduction Background
• SDI Nature and components
• SDI Development Models
• Human and Community Issues
• Asia-Pacific region a case study
• Outcomes
• Key Factors Influencing Regional SDI Development
  
• Conclusion

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Introduction Background

• Part of a results of a main topic
• SDI Diffusion
• Concept and Nature of SDI
• SDI Hierarchy
• Relationships Among Different SDIs
• SDI Development Models

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Spatial Data Infrastructure

• SDI is an initiative necessary for the effective
  collection, management, access, delivery and
  utilisation of spatial data

• SDI is whole about facilitation and coordination
  of the exchange and sharing of spatial data

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Nature of SDI Components
Dynamic
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Obstacles

• Technical issues
• lack of data, standards, metadata, search
  engines, communication network/bandwidth
• Economic/financial issues
• cost sharing
• Social/institutional/organisational issues
• awareness, education, pricing, security, freedom
  of access
• Political/legal issues
• sensitive data, intellectual property

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Hierarchy of SDI
Less detailed data
Global SDI
Regional SDI
National SDI
State SDI
Local SDI
Corporate SDI
More detailed Data
The success of developing any type of SDIs,
heavily depends to on individuals realising the
need to cooperate with each other.
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Relationships Among Different SDIs
Global SDI
Regional SDIs
National SDIs
State SDIs
Local SDIs
Corporate SDI
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SDI Development Models

• Product-Based Model (linked) database(s)
• Process-Based Model strategy required to manage
  information assets

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Product-Based Model
...the main aim of an SDI initiative being to
link existing and upcoming databases of the
respective political/administrative levels of the
community.
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Process-Based Model
...the main aim of an SDI initiative as defining
a framework to facilitate the management of
information assets.
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Process-Based Model
..or the objectives behind the design of an SDI
are to provide better communication channels for
sharing and using data assets.
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Process-Based Model
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Human and Community Issues
Communities/people concerned are expecting to
reap benefits from their investment in SDI in
terms of improved corporate performances and
cooperation. Therefore

• It is essential to understand the significance
  of human and community issues, as much as
  technical issues as they determine the long
  running success of an SDI innovation

• Developing a successful SDI must be seen as a
  socio-technical, rather than a purely technical
  exercise.

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Socio-Technical Viewpoint

• Techno-Centric
• Spatial data community
• Focus on technology
• Technology push
• Because its possible
• Others are developing
• Specified by technologist
• Static in nature

• Socio-Technical
• Spatial data community
• People and technology
• Demand pull
• Because its needed
• We need it
• Specified by Users
• dynamic in nature

(Adopted from Petch and Reeve 1999)
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Asia and the Pacific region a case study

• Asia and the Pacific region is
• largest region in the world
• 60 per cent of the worlds population / 3.5
  billion people
• 55 countries as defined by the UN

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(No Transcript)
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Asia and the Pacific region a case study
Regional Organisations

• SAARC
• UN-ESCAP
• UNRCC-AP

• APEC
• APCC
• ASEAN

• APNIC
• ECO
• AAECP,
• etc.

Main Objectives of Regional Cooperation

• Acceleration of economic growth, social progress
  and cultural development
• Promotion of regional peace and stability
• More effective collaboration to improve the
  agricultural, industrial, trading, transport and
  communications sectors of the regional economy
• Promotion of regional cooperation for ecological
  and environmental protection.

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Asia and the Pacific region a case study
Asia-Pacific region has complex social and
political environments, typified by competing
and often conflicting priorities and motivations.

• Every case in this region is unique
• national context,
• language and characteristics
• (size, population, political systems, varied
  infrastructures and skills),
• national traditional and cultural attitude, and
• the people who participate, develop and use SDIs

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Asia-Pacific Region and Regional SDI activities
Major difficulty
Lack of Coordination

• different data structures
• specifications and
• standards

Formation of PCGIAP, 1994

• Vision for APSDI
• SDI Conceptual Model
• Institutional framework, Technical standards,
• Fundamental datasets, and Access networks

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Current Progress of PCGIAP and APSDI development

• PCGIAP successfully implemented
• a regional precise geodesy network,
• defined a regional geodesy datum,
• developed and approved a policy on sharing
  fundamental data, developed guidelines on
  custodianship, and the definition of
• APSDI.

• Other projects
• Asia-Pacific Regional Geodetic Project (APRGP)
• Administrative Boundaries pilot project and
  specification
• APSDI Data Node
• Clearinghouse Project
• (PCGIAP-website 2001)

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Other Issues involved in the Progress

• Low rate of participation in PCGIAP activities,
• The organisational structure of PCGIAP,
• Member nations are represented on the Permanent
  Committee by directorates of national survey and
  mapping organisations and or equivalent national
  agencies.
• The APSDI conceptual model

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Some Reasons for the Limited Support

• Lack of awareness of the value of SDIs
• Defining the SDI
• The incompatibility of the current conceptual
  and organisational model with the perceived needs
  of users and
• The complexity of different issues such as
• diverse political, cultural and economical
  positions of members.

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Some Reasons for the Limited Support

• Based on the participation rate, Regional SDI
  remains an innovative concept among member
  nations.
• The theories of innovation diffusion will
  provide a useful framework for the study of
  Regional SDI development.

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Diffusion Theory
Diffusion is a process by which an innovation is
communicated through certain channels over time
among the members of a social system.
(Rogers 1983)
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Organisational Innovation Process Model
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Current Approach by PCGIAP
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Suggested Approach for the Research
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Influencing Factors for an SDI Development
Environmental Factors
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Environmental Factors
Globalisation
Asia-Pacific Region
Political Climate
Regional Organisations
Regional Governments
Technological Pressure
APSDI Development
Market Pressure
Other External Factors
Global Economic
Other Internal Factors
Regional Security
Financial Stability
Economic Conditions
Organisational Structure of Coordinating Agency
Border of Social System
Global SDI Initiative
External Factor
Internal Factor
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Influencing Factors for an SDI Development
Environmental Factors
Capacity Factors
Participation
SDI Organisation Factors
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Recommendations
Factors
Environmental Factors
Organisational Restructure
Redesign Future Strategy Based on Social System
Capacity Factors
Participation
Modify SDI Conceptual Model
SDI Organisation Factors
Adopt Process-based Model
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Conclusion
The development of a Regional SDI is much more
challenging than the development of a National
SDI initiative within a nation.

• Regional SDI is a voluntary-base initiative in
  nature
• At the higher levels of SDIs
• more coordination than implementation.

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Conclusion
Strategic Management
Functional
National SDI
Operational
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Thank you