Hvorfor er brugbarhedsafprvninger usability tests ikke tilstrkkeligt til at sikre reel brugerinddrag

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Hvorfor er brugbarhedsafprøvninger (usability
tests) ikke tilstrækkeligt til at sikre reel
brugerinddragelse?

• Gæsteforelæsning
• ph.d.-stipendiat
• Datalogi, RUC

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Participatory Design (PD)
med udgangspunkt i to tekster af Lucy Suchman
Suchman, L. A. (1995). "Making Work
Visible." Communications of the ACM 38(9) 56-64.
Suchman, L. A. (2002). "Located Accountabilities
in Technology Production." Scandinavian Journal
of Information Systems 14(2) 91-105. Special
issue on Ethnography and Intervention
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Lucy A. Suchman Ph.D. i antropologi fra
Berkeley, 1984. Udgav i 1987 bogen Plans and
situated actions The problem of humanmachine
communication, som er et epoke-gørende studie
af brugen af kopimaskiner og udviklingen
AI-hjælpesystemer 1979 2000 Forsker hos Xerox
PARC, hvorfra hun bl. a. blev med-stifter af CPSR
og PDC. 2000 Professor i antropologiske
studier af videnskab og teknologi (STS)
Sociologi, Lancaster England http//www.comp.lan
cs.ac.uk/sociology/staff/suchman/suchman.htm
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"Recognizing the assignment of technology users
to the position of other within systems design
makes available critical resources from recent
anthropology and feminist research. An effort to
reflect on these relations where we are system
designers and the others system users is
presented." Suchman, 1995, p. 61 note 9
"But as Hales points out, the technological
usefulness of artifacts created in this way
remains unknown, or known only indirectly, and
relies upon extensive forms of articulation work
that remain invisible to professional design
Users 'construct' technology they do this
both symbolically, in their 'reading' of
artefacts, and literally, in the articulation
work that is essential before a concrete
configuration of artefacts (as distinct from the
generic system-products that emerge from
usability labs in Silicon Valley) can serve as
an adequate day-by-day supporting structure for
a live practice. Hales 1994, p. 162 Suchman
2002, p. 94, original emphasis
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Hvorfor opnås reel brugerinddragelse ikke ved
brugbarhedsafprøvning(usability tests)?

• Fordi den form for afprøvning for ofte er et
  kvalitetstjek på 'færdige' produkter, som ved f.
  eks. tænke-højt forsøg.
• En designerkontrolleret repræsentation af
  virkeligheden formuleret i et sprog som afspejler
  designernes forståelse af verden fremfor
  brugernes.
• Det fører til 1) eller 2) af nedenstående tre
  perspektiver på design-praksis1) Objektivt
  design (design from nowhere)2) Intimitet på
  afstand (detached intimacy)3) Lokaliseret
  ansvarlighed (located accountability)

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Objektivt design (design from nowhere)

• Politiske og økonomiske strukturer, hvor anonyme
  og ulokaliserbare designere, som producerer
  teknologiske objekter til dekontekstualiserede
  brugere. Deres professionalisme gør en dyd ud af
  at fjerne sig fra brugspraksis og dermed også
  ansvaret for konsekvenserne. Kritik af skarp
  design/brug adskillelse, som en foregår i design
  uden PD.

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Intimitet på afstand (detached intimacy)

• Kritik af PD og usability studier for deres
  selv-centrerede måde at behandle repræsentationer
  på
• " Wagner (1994) identifies three processes that
  underwrite the combined detachment (from other
  sites) and intimacy (within their own) of
  scientific and technical communities.
  Organizational egocentrism refers to a kind of
  'autopoesis' of such communities, through which
  they "select those aspects of reality that can
  be grasped by existing cognitive structures and
  create their own artificial worlds in which
  their potential can unfold" (p.260).

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Lokaliseret ansvarlighed (located accountability)

• Vores viden er bestemt af perspektiv og
  stedbundethed. Dette giver en særlig
  ansvarlighed, selvom (og netop fordi) det er et
  delvist og personligt perspektiv.
• " The only possible route to objectivity on
  this view is through collective knowledge of the
  specific locations of our respective visions. By
  extension, the only possibility for the creation
  of effective objects is through collective
  knowledge of the particular and multiple
  locations of their production and use."

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Working relations of technology production and use

• Fornyet opmærksomhed på arbejdsrelationer kunne
  forandre design praksis
• 1. Recognizing the various forms of visible and
  invisible work that make up the production/use
  of technical systems, locating ourselves within
  that extended web of connections, and taking
  responsibility for our participation
• 2. Understanding technology use as the
  recontextualization of technologies designed at
  greater or lesser distances in some local site
  of practice
• 3. Acknowledging and accepting the limited power
  of any actors or artifacts to control technology
  production/use
• 4. Establishing new bases for technology
  integration, not in universal languages, but in
  partial translations
• 5. Valuing heterogeneity in technical systems,
  achieved through practices of artful
  integration, over homogeneity and domination."