Combustvel tipo diesel a partir de leos e gorduras vegetais in natura e residuais

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III Workshop Brasil-Alemanha em Biodiesel
The production of biofuel from virgin plant and
waste cooking oils - experiences in Bahia José
Adolfo de Almeida NetoGrupo Bioenergia e Meio
AmbienteUniversidade Estadual de Santa Cruz,
Ilhéus, Bahia
Fortaleza, 01 Julho, 2002
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FH Köln
UniKassel Witzenhausen
Region of Pilote Project
Tecbio-CEUFBA-Salvador
UESC Ilhéus
INT-RJUnicamp-SPUFPR-PR
Rede CooperativaCooperation Network
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General Aspects
Motivation for the study of renewable energy
sources
Environmental (greenhouse effect, urban
pollution, acid rain)
strategic (preservation of natural resources,
national energy security)
Socio-economic (local employment, a way of
stimulating and supporting agriculture)
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• Soy bean
• Castor bean
• Oil palm
• Sunflower
• Rape
• Palm kernel
• Babaçu
• Tucumã
• Cotton
• Pequi
• Jojoba
• Pinhão-manso
• Buriti
• Turnip
• Linseed
• Waste oil from Refinning Oil Industry
• Waste cooking oil and fat

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Aspects of the transesterification process

• The transesterification process has been
  intensively patented as more industrial
  applications were found for esters

• The most used alcohols are methanol (low cost,
  polar and shortest chain), and ethanol (low
  toxic and from renewable sources)

• The most frequent catalysts used are alkalis
  (NaOH, KOH, alkoxides (Na/K) acids (sulfuric,
  sulfonic and hydrochloric acid) and enzymes
  (lipases)

• The alkali-catalyzed transesterification is
  much faster than the acid catalyzed
  transesterification, and commercially more used.

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Transesterification effects on oil and fat
properties

• distillation temperature decreases

• filterability temperature falls at 10-15 C

• glycerol disappears (about 10)

• about 10 of the oxygen comes from alcohol

• viscosity reduction to one tenth

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The chosen approach for the transesterification
process
The initial target was to produce a fuel based
on - decentralized implementation (with
flexibility) - low investment costs (but
safety) - simple technology

• Characteristics of the initially chosen process
  
• batch procedure (easier to adapt and cheaper)
• atmospheric pressure (simple technology)
• near to stoichiometric alcohol ratio (10-15 in
  excess)
• two-stage process (for better conversion)
• little catalyst (as little as possible)

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The approach to biofuel production
Purification
RAW MATERIALused and virgin vegetable oil
Selection of process parameters
Analysis of techno-logical propertiesviscosity,
densitycarbon residue, etc.
Alkaline (KOH)Transesterification
ANALYSISwater, ffa and peroxide
Separation/filtration
Engine and heater test
Suitable?
Yes
fatty acid methyl ester
Glycerin soapcatalyst
No
Evaluation of thetotal process
Reprocessing or Recycling
Compost
Biogas
Main process
Preparation phase
Assessment
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Pilot plant at the UESC
Photo 1 Overall aspect of the 1400L/day pilot
plant
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Pilot plant at the UESC
Photo 2 Feedstock (OGR) storage
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Pilot plant at the UESC
Photo 3 - KOH/Methanol reactor
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Biodiesel Commercial Processing Plant Project
Basic Design
Oil
Methanol / Ethanol
Catalyst
Energy
Control Box
Dosage
Computer
Mixer 1
Mixer 2
Glycerol
refining steps according to quality requirements
(Brazil - Res. ANP 42/2004)
Biodiesel
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Conclusions

• biofuel from waste and virgin vegetable oils and
  fat of acceptable quality can be produced on
  small scale

• ester yield obtained from waste oils has been
  low compared with those obtained from refined
  vegetable oils in existing large-scale plants

• more information is required on alternative uses
  for the glycerol

• In metropolitan areas (Salvador, Fortaleza,
  Recife, Rio, S. Paulo, etc.), waste cooking oil
  seems to be available and cheap

• this technology saves resources by recycling
  waste material in a kind of cascade utilization,
  can be applied in decentralized units and
  contributes to environment protection.

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Staff of the Biodiesel Group at UESC

• Scientific Staff
• Prof. Ana Maria de Oliveira Dra. em Química
  Analítica UNICAMP DCET Chemical and
  Physical Characterization
• Prof. Jaênes Miranda Alves Dra. em Economia
  Aplicada ESALQ DCET
• Economy e Statistic
• Prof. João Carlos Teixeira Dias - Dr. em
  Microbiologia UFMG DCB
• Biodegradation e Bioremediation
• - Prof. José Adolfo de A. Neto MSc. em
  Engenharia Agrícola UNICAMP DCAA
  Engineering and Life Cycle Analysis
• Profa. Mônica de Moura Pires Dra. em Economia
  Rural UFV DCIE Economy
• Profa. Rachel Passos Rezende Dra. em
  Microbiologia UFMG DCB Biodegradation e
  Bioremediation
• Profa. Rosenira Serpa da Cruz Dra. em Química
  Inorgânica UNICAMP DCET Coordination,
  Biodiesel Production and Characterization

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Staff of the Biodiesel Group at UESC

• b) Students
• Cézar Menezes Almeida Master (Economy of
  Environment)
• Sabine Robra Master (Agricultural Engineering
  Co products)
• Sérgio Macedo Soares Graduation in Chemistry
  (Heterogeneous Catalysts)
• Geovânia Silva de Souza Graduation in
  Economy Economical Viability
• Jeime Nunes de Andrade Graduation in
  Computation Science Software LCA
• Bruno de Passos Assis Graduation in
  Biology Biodegradability

• c) Technical staff
• - Geórgia Xavier Student
• Valéria Alves MSc. Chemist
• Luana Cerqueira Student
• - Vanderlei Gonçalves Operator

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Partnerships and Founds

• University of Kassel and High School of Cologne
• Federal University of Paraná National Technology
  Institute / MCT Federal University of Bahia,
  UNIFACS, Salvador
• Tecbio, Itarel, Hotel Transamerica Ilha de
  Comandatuba, Opalma, Politeno
• Waste oil collection network (40 restaurants,
  fast food establishments and acarajé-kiosks)
• BMBF, SECTI, FINEP, CNPq, CAPES, FAPESB,
  Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung, BNB.

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Cooperation Network

• RENOMA Rede de Energia Renovável e Meio
  Ambiente
• RECOL Rede Coop. de Combustíveis e
  Lubrificantes do N e NE
• RBB Rede Baiana de Biocombustíveis
• RBTB Rede Brasileira de Tecnologia de
  Biodiesel / MCT.

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Grupo Bioenergia e Meio AmbienteUniversidade
Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Bahia
www.ecodiesel.com.br jalmeida_at_uesc.br
Thanks for your attention